lecture 2 - claudia racca

Question 1

neurulation transforms neural plate into what

Answer 1

neural tube

Question 2

from the crest theres the PNS and from the tube theres the

Answer 2

CNS

Question 3

in the neural tube what is at the rostral end (front)

Answer 3

the forebrain

Question 4

what is in the middle of the neural tube

Answer 4

the midbrain

Question 5

what is at the caudal end of the neural tube

Answer 5

the hindbrain

Question 6

the forebrain develops what vesicles

Answer 6

telencephalic and optic vesicles

Question 7

which vesicles go over the diencephalon

Answer 7

the telencephalic vesicles (2 cerebral hemispheres)

Question 8

at the rostral end of the telencephalon what is there

Answer 8

olfactory bulbs (nose) and optic cups (eyes)

Question 9

what are the grey matter structures in the forebrain

Answer 9

cerebral cortex
thalamus
hypothalamus
basal telencephalon

Question 10

neurone generation (cell proliferation):
cells migrate up towards the surface from the ventricle and the DNA is…

Answer 10

replicated

Question 11

they then migrate back to the ventricular surface and they divide.
when the division of the cell is vertical what type of cell division do we get?

Answer 11

symmetrical cell division and the two cells will become radial glial cells

Question 12

when the division of the cell is horizontal what type of cell division do we get

Answer 12

asymmetrical cell division. one cell will stay in the ventricular zone as a radial glial cell and the other one will be a neuronal precursor and migrate

Question 13

the daughter cells for each new layer of cortex migrate up past deeper layer

Answer 13

layer 6 cells are made first then layer 5 cells etc

Question 14

how do daughter cells migrate

Answer 14

along structure fibres provided by radial glial cells

Question 15

where does the daughter cell differentiate

Answer 15

as soon as it arrives at the cortical plate

Question 16

neurites sprout off the cell body forming

Answer 16

dendrites and axon

Question 17

what does a growing axon have as its tip

Answer 17

growth cone

Question 18

what does the growth cone do

Answer 18

secreted proteases that digest fibrous proteins in the extracellular matrix allowing its elongation

Question 19

what extends from the lamellipodia

Answer 19

filopodia

Question 20

the filopodia grab hold of other proteins in the matrix via…

Answer 20

integrins (cell surface molecules)

Question 21

what do integrins bind do in the matrix

Answer 21

laminins
this causes the axon to elongate

Question 22

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on growing axons causes what

Answer 22

multiple axons to stick together allowing an easier elongation (fasciculation)

Question 23

what are chemorepellents

Answer 23

particular surface markers on proteins in the extracellular matrix that repel axons

Question 24

axons originating from different areas express different CAMs which are attracted to different markers in the target tissue. this is the __________ hypothesis

Answer 24

chemoaffinity

Question 25

target tissues also release ________ that guide axons towards them

Answer 25

chemoattractants (e.g netrins)

Question 26

attraction molecules causes increase of calcium ion concentration from where

Answer 26

endoplasmic reticulum
causes the axon to move in that direction

Question 27

repulsive molecules causes increase of calcium ions from…

Answer 27

other sources
causes the axon to move in the opposite direction

Question 28

if the neuron expresses DDC receptor what will netrin-1 cause

Answer 28

attraction

Question 29

if the neuron expresses UNC5H receptor what will netrin-1 cause

Answer 29

repulsion

Question 30

what are signals that stop growth of axons

Answer 30

absence or certain glycoproteins in the EC matrix
specific diffusible chemicals from target tissue (e.g NTs)

Question 31

when the axon is in contact with the target the growth cone collapse and ______ is formed

Answer 31

synapse

Question 32

synapse formation:
secretion of proteins by growth cone and target membrane interact and stimulate…

Answer 32

• formation of postsynaptic receptors
• formation of presynaptic terminal
• Ca entry into growth cone induces cytoskeleton rearrangment release transmitter

Question 33

what is usually the post synapse

Answer 33

dendrite of another neuron