Lecture 24

Question 1

Moral Behavior: Prosocial and Antisocial

Prosocial Behavior: V__ behavior intended to b__ another, such as h__, s__, and c__ of others.

Antisocial Behavior: D__, h__, or a__
behaviors that violate social n__ or r__ and that h__ or take a__ of others

For both:
• General d__ progression
• I__ differences

Answer 1

voluntary, benefit, helping, sharing, comforting

disruptive, hostile, aggressive, norms, rules, harm, advantage

developmental
individual

Question 2

Prosocial Behavior:

Altruistic Motives: H__ others for reasons that initially include e__ or s__ for others and, at later ages, the desire to act in ways consistent with one’s own
c__ and m__ principles.

Answer 2

helping, empathy, sympathy, conscience, moral

Question 3

Empathy: E__ response to a__’s emotional state or condition that reflects the o__’s state.

Sympathy: Feeling of c__ for another in reaction to
the o__’s emotional state or condition.

Answer 3

emotional, another’s, other’s

concern, other’s

Question 4

The Development of Prosocial Behavior:

H__ and c__ behavior is evident at - mos

 Warneken and Tomasello’s studies of altruistic helping

• Present toddlers with situations in which an adult’s goal is thwarted (e.g., out-of-reach object)
• Observe whether toddler helps adult achieve their goal
• Toddlers as young as _ months spontaneously h__ the adult
• C__ do some of the same behaviors: shared e__ basis?

 More complex c__ emerges around age _.
- Tomasello lab cooperation studies

Answer 4

helpful, cooperative, 14-18

14, help

chimpanzees, evolutionary

cooperation, 2

Question 5

Prosocial Behavior:

‘Tis Better to Give than to Receive?

_-year-olds asked to give up treats to a puppet.

Emotional expressions coded by naïve raters

Happier when they g__ than when they r__ treats.
Also, happiest when they gave at greater c__ to themselves.

Answer 5

2

gave, received, cost

Question 6

Prosocial Behavior Changes with A__:

• _- and _-year-olds are much more likely than _-year-olds to provide a__ or v__ r__ to adults who were emotionally d__.

Answer 6

age

3, 4
2, assistance, verbal reassurance, distressed

Question 7

G__ can also motivate prosocial behavior:

_- and _-year-olds experimenter experienced harm, either caused by c__ or n__.

By age _, children made more attempts to r__ if t__ caused harm

Answer 7

guilt

2, 3, child, not

3, repair, they

Question 8

Individual Differences in Prosocial Behavior:

Temperament: Children who are especially d__ in temperament or s__ t_-w__-u_ are __ likely to behave pro-socially.

Peers:
Children learn and practice m__ principles, such as f__, j__, r__ (e.g., sharing and taking turns), and c__ resolution via r__ with other children.

Answer 8

difficult, slow-to-warm-up, less

moral, fairness, justice, reciprocity, conflict, relationships

Question 9

The Socialization of Prosocial Behavior
P__ socialize prosocial behavior in children by:

1. M__ and t__ prosocial behavior
2. Arranging o__ for their c__ to engage in prosocial behavior
3. Developing positive r__ with them
   • A__ parenting
   • S__ attachment
   • I__ discipline (i.e., r__)

R__ and p__ may backfire (e.g., a__ for completion of chores)

Answer 9

parents

modeling, teaching
opportunities, children 
relationships 
-authoritative 
-secure
-inductive (reasoning)

rewards, punishments, allowance

Question 10

Development of Antisocial Behavior:

Aggression: Behavior aimed at h__ or i__ others

 I__ aggression: Aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a c__ g__.
- Emerges early (prior to __ months of age), but initially is not p__ per se

Answer 10

harming, injuring

instrumental, concrete goal

12, physical

Question 11

Ex: Alink et al. (2006), Child Development
studied developmental course of p__ aggression (e.g., kicking, biting, hitting) in 1-4-year-old children:

Results from cross-sectional analyses on physical aggression presence:
__% 12-month-olds
__% 24-month-olds
__% 36-month-olds

physical aggression declines later in the
p__ years

Answer 11

physical

52%
80%
78%

preschool

Question 12

A__-l__ Path: Children not previously antisocial show antisocial behavior during a__.

Influences: deviant p__, p__

Answer 12

adolescent-limited, adolescence

peers, poverty

Question 13

Aggression is Stable over Time:

L__-C__ P__ Path: Children identified as aggressive @ age _ more likely to engage in serious c__ behavior at age __.

Answer 13

life-course persistent

8, criminal, 30

Question 14

temperament and personality influences on antisocial behavior:

Temperament and Personality

• High d__ (esp. intense n__ emotions)
• Poor s__-c__ (at age _ predicts a__ behavior at age __ & beyond)

 Callous-Unemotional (C-U)Behaviors/Traits:
- Low e__, g__, and c__n for others
- F__ temperament @ age _ –> Greater C-U traits @ age _.
 But p__ parenting can disrupt this association:
F__ children + p__ parenting = l__ C-U traits

Answer 14

difficulty, negative
self-control, 3, aggressive, 15

empathy, guilt, concern
fearless, 2, 13

positive, fearless, positive, low

Question 15

Socialization of Aggression and Antisocial Behavior

 Harsh parenting: c__ and p__; p__/v__ abuse:

• Leads to aggressive s__ c__
• Models aggressive b__.

 Poor parental monitoring:
-Affects extent child a__ with d__ peers

 Verbal and physical i__ conflict:
- D__ and i__ effects

Answer 15

cold, punitive, physical/verbal
social cognition
behavior

associates, deviant

interparental
direct, indirect

Question 16

Coercive Parent-Child Cycle:

Child p__ behavior –> parent responds e__–> child e__ –> parent e__ –> parent w__ or g__ i_. Repeats.

Answer 16

problem, emotionally, escalates, escalates, withdraws, gives in

Question 17

Interparental Conflict and Child Aggression:

H___ —-> poor p____ –>
Interparental –>m____–> child a__
Conflict –> emotional i___–>

Answer 17

hostile

parenting, modeling, insecurity

aggression