Lecture 21

Question 1

Family structure: The n__ of and r__ among the people living in a h__.

 Alterations in family structure:
• Influence i__ among family members
• Affect family r__ and n__
• Affect children’s emotional w__-b__.

 Most effects of shifts are g__.

 Some s__ events can be traumatic

Answer 1

number, relationships, household

interactions
routines, norms
well-being

gradual

single

Question 2

Changes in Family Structure in the US:

• Increase in s__ parenthood
• Increase in children living with c__ (u__) parents

Answer 2

single

cohabiting, unmarried

Question 3

Implications of Family Structure

 _% children living with single parents live below federal
poverty line compared with _% living with both parents.

 S__ parents have less time to devote to children.
• W__
• H__ responsibilities
• Hence, less likely to r__ to their children and to have all
m__ with children.

Answer 3

41%, 14%

single
work
household
read, meals

Question 4

First-Time Parents Are Older Than in the Past

• Average age when women had their first child was __
  years in 1970, as opposed to __ years in 2014.

-Teen birth rate is d__:
ages 15–17 rate was __
per 1000 in 1994 and only __ per 1000 in 2014.

• Having children at an older age, parents have more
  e__, higher j__-s__, and higher i__.

Answer 4

21, 26

decreasing, 32, 11

education, job-status, income

Question 5

More Children Live with Grandparents

 Almost __% of all children in the United States live with a
grandparent.

 In 1970, _% children had grandparents as primary
caregivers as opposed to _% in 2014.

 There are f__ constraints for grandparents as primary caregivers due to limited i__ and r__ funds.

 Children have e__ and b__ problems.

Answer 5

10%

3%, 6%

financial, income, retirement

emotional, behavioral

Question 6

Families Are Smaller:

 Women delaying p__ for c__.

 Increased access to b__ c__.

 Fewer children with m__ siblings

Answer 6

pregnancies, careers

birth control

multiple

Question 7

Family Structures Are More F__:

 __% marriages end in divorce

 Repeated family s__ changes for children

 Greater family i__–> More b__ problems

Answer 7

fluid

50%

structure

instability–> behavior

Question 8

Divorce and Step-parenting:

In 2015, 4.8 million children lived only with a divorced __, 1.3 million with only a divorced __.

Children’s Adjustment to Divorce:
 Children experience s__, d__.
 Boys may e__ problems
 May be a drop in a__ achievement
 Such children at greater risk of d__ for themselves
 Overall s__ differences in children of divorced families
when compared with intact families

Answer 8

mother, father

sadness, depression
externalize
academic
divorce
small

Question 9

Why and How does Divorce Affect Children?

 Divorce changes many things in children’s lives beyond the parents’ relationship:

• Parent with whom child lives: s__, t__-intensive, f__ constrained.
• New s__, n__ disrupting r__ and s__ networks.
• Less time with n__ parent
• If divorce reduces family c__ it can have positive effects on children.

Answer 9

single, time, financially

school, neighborhood, routines, social

noncustodial

conflict

Question 10

Characteristics of stepfamilies:

 Currently, _ million children (_%) live with stepparents.

 Simple stepfamily: A new s__ joins another p__, and c__.

 Complex/blended stepfamilies: Addition of s__ and s__ s__.

 S__ are not very close to their step children.

 C__ with stepparents is common.

 The attitude of the noncustodial b__ parent toward the s__ can lead to conflicts.

Answer 10

4, 5%

stepparent, parent, children

stepparent, step siblings

stepfathers

conflict

biological, stepparent, conflicts

Question 11

Same-sex parent families:

 In 2011, ___ same-sex couples were reported to be
raising children.

• __% of these children are being raised by a b__
parent from a (previous) h__ relationship.

 Children of such parents are no d__ from children
raised by heterosexual parents.

 Adjustment depends on family d__ and social
a__.

Answer 11

115,000

59%, biological, heterosexual

different

dynamics, acceptance

Question 12

Parents’ Employment:

 M__ employment
has increased dramatically since the __’s and __’s

 Sparked concerns in
the 1980s and 1990s about potential for n__ effects on
children.

NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development:

 Designed to test whether o__-o_-h__ care negatively
affected children’s d__, especially a__.

 Sample: over 1,000 children and mothers across 10
different sites in the US

 H__ of out-of-home care not related to a__ security,

 BUT, low maternal s__ combined with p__ quality
out-of-home-care —-> i__ attachment.

In sum, research does not support n__ effects on
c__ of w__ mothers.

Answer 12

maternal, 1960’s, 1970’s

negative

out-of-home, development, attachment

hours, attachment

sensitivity, poor, insecure

negative, children, working

Question 13

Parents’ Employment:

 Work-family s__ is p__ and n__.

 Work-family conflict: s__ or c__ at work transfers into f__ life.

 Work-family enhancement: p__ experiences at work e__ relationships at home.

Answer 13

spillover, positive, negative

stress, conflict, family

positive, enrich

Question 14

The effects of family s__ operate through family d__ to affect child d__.

family s__ –>family d__->child d__

The q__ of family relationships matters more than family s__.

Answer 14

structure, dynamics, development

structure, dynamics, development

quality, structure