Lecture 18 Flashcards
Definition of attachment:
An enduring e__ t__ between t__ people
emotional tie, two
Why infants become attached (Harlow’s classic studies with Rhesus monkeys):
- cloth mother
- wire mesh mother
When stressed, all monkeys went to the __ mother
F__ is not the basis for attachment!
C__ c__ is the key to attachment!
cloth
feeding
contact comfort
Other theoretical perspectives on attachment:
Ethology and imprinting:
-A__ behavior and a__ functions
Imprinting: Ducks and geese f__ the f__ large moving object that they see
Perhaps attachment in humans is also adaptive?
animal, adaptive
follow, first
Bowlby’s ethological theory of attachment:
E__ + P__ = most i__ theory of attachment
ethology, psychoanalysis, influential
When attachment happens:
All infants become attached to o__ or m__ caregivers during the s__ h__ of the f__ year of life
one, more
second half, first
Signs of attachment:
- S__ anxiety
- S___ anxiety
- G__
- S__ r__
- S__ b__ behavior: provided through a relationship with one or more s__ and r__ attachment figures who meet the child’s n__ and to whom the child can turn as a safe haven, when u__ or a__.
seperation
stranger
greetings
social referencing
secure base
sensitive, responsive, needs, upset, anxious
Strange Situation procedure:
20-min waiting room “mini drama” Episodes -Parent and child -Parent, child, and stranger -Stranger and child alone -Parent and child (reunion) -Child alone -Stranger and child -Parent and child (reunion)
Classifications, associated behaviors, and percentages: Secure (65%) Explore freely in c\_\_’s presence Often visibly u\_\_ when caregiver leaves Greet caregiver w\_\_ at reunion
Insecure-avoidant (20%)
Show little or no distress upon s__
Avoid c__ with caregiver upon reunion
May show more positive behavior with a s__
Insecure-resistant (10-15%)
Thoroughly d__ by separations
Don’t s__ easily upon reunions
Mix p__-seeking and a__ behaviors
Disorganized/disoriented (15%)
C__ and c__ behaviors
D__, f__ facial expressions
F__ postures
caregiver’s, upset, warmly
separation, contact, stranger
distressed, settle, proximity, angry
confused, contradictory, dazed, fearful, frozen
Cultural variations in attachment
Western Europe
Higher proportion of children classified as i__-a__
Japan and Israel
Insecurely-attached children more likely to be r__
S__ is most common across cultures
insecure-avoidant
resistant
secure
Consequences of secure attachment
Meta-analysis: a statistical s__ of results across m__ studies
Secure attachment is associated with:
Greater s__ c__
Lower e__ behavior (a__)
Lower i__ behavior (a__)
Secure attachment benefits children’s s__-e__ development
summary, many
social competence
externalizing (aggression)
internalizing (anxiety)
social-emotional
Parental sensitivity:
P__, a__, and c__ responding to infant s__
Predicts s__ attachment
Sensitive parenting is c__-centered
Across numerous studies, greater m__ s__ is associated with greater likelihood of s__ attachment
prompt, appropriate, consistent, signals
secure
child
maternal sensitivity, secure
Internal working model:
Child’s f__ attachment is m__ for all f__ relationships throughout life.
Child’s early experiences are c__ in an i__ w__ model of relationships.
first, model, future
consolidated, internal working
Adult Attachment Interview:
How could we measure adults’ internal working models?
-Adult Attachment Interview:
R__ accounts of own experiences
Focus on how experience is i__/u__
Types and features of their interviews:
-Autonomous/Secure Show o\_\_ and b\_\_ C\_\_ R\_\_ view of parents Don’t feel a\_\_
-Dismissing
D__ relationships
I__ parents, but can’t recall s__ e__
Discuss past with little e__
-Preoccupied
Talk with highly c__ emotion (a__)
Not c__
o__/c__ by early attachments
-Unresolved
D__ thinking or speech when discussing t__ experiences
Loss (feeling of r__ when unwarranted)
Abuse (d__ of occurence)
retrospective
integrated/understood
objectivity, balance
coherent
realistic
angry
devalue
idealize, specific experience
emotion
charged, angry
coherent
overwhelmed/confused
disorganized, traumatic
responsibility
denial
Intergenerational transmission study:
Adult Attachment Interview administered to 100 mothers expecting their first child
Infant attachment assessed using Strange Situation at 1 year
Secure A__ Attachment Interview means secure i__ attachment
Has been verified through other studies, and with a__ parents
adult, infant
adoptive
intergenerational transmission process/model:
generation 1: experienced s__ –> secure i__ w__ model (IWM)—->
generation 2: behaves s__–>s__ attachment/i__ w__ model (IWM)
sensitivity, internal working
sensitively, secure, internal working
Attachment to fathers, paternal sensitivity and attachment:
- Infants typically become attached to their f__ as well as to their m__
- Fathers are clearly capable of being as s__ as mothers are
- On average, father are __ sensitive than are mothers
- Father’s sensitivity is not as clearly related to s__ of i__-f__ attachment
fathers, mothers
sensitive
less
security, infant-father
