Lecture 22 Flashcards
I. Friendship: Peers vs. Friends
What is a peer?
-someone who is approximately the same a__ and s__ as you are and who is not r__ to you.
What is a friend?
-a person with whom an individual has an i__, r__, p__ relationship.
age, status, related
intimate, reciprocated, positive
How do children find friends?
Children tend to make friends w/others similar in:
- S__ behavior (e.g., c__)
- N__ emotions (e.g., d__)
- A__ motivation
- C__ maturity
P__, g__ important for young children
S__ also matters (the quality of being sociable.)
-“Birds of a feather
flock together”
social, cooperativeness
negative, depression
academic
cognitive
proximity, gender
sociability
Developmental Course of Friendship:
Early Childhood
- Children have peer preferences by - months
- By age - most children have at least __ friend
- High c__ and c__
Middle Childhood and Adolescence
-Importance of shared a__ declines, importance
of i__, e__, etc. increases
-Friendships become more e__
12-18
3-4, one
cooperation, conflict
activities, intimacy, exploration
exclusive
How today’s children communicate with their friends:
Usually t__ m__ (most common), s__ n__, or p__ c__.
g___ popular for boys.
text messaging
social networking
phone calls
gaming
Benefits of Friendship:
Perceived s__ s__ from friends increases in a__.
social support
adolescence
Technology and Friendship:
Rich-get-richer hypothesis: youths with good s__ s__ most likely to benefit from technology
Social compensation hypothesis: tech especially
beneficial for l__, s__ a__ youth
social skills
lonely, socially anxious
II. Peer Status: Who’s Liked? Who’s Not?
S__ Measures:
P__ nominations
N__ nominations
How Much Do You Like to Play
With This Person at School?
1 2 3 4 5
sociometric
positive, negative
Peer Acceptance Categories
Popular: many \_\_, few \_\_ Rejected: many \_\_, few \_\_ Controversial: many \_\_, many \_\_. Neglected: few \_\_, few \_\_ Average: few e\_\_ ratings
positive, negative
negative, positive
positive, negative
positive, negative
extreme
Outcomes of Peer Rejection Rejected children are: -more l\_\_ -more d\_\_ -more s\_\_ a\_\_
And at risk for:
- dropping out of s__
- d__ and low s__-e__ later in life
Unfortunately, rejection often p__
Rejected are the most l__ out of all of the peer acceptance categories.
lonely
depressed
socially anxious
school
depression, self-esteem
persists
lonely
The Origins of Peer Acceptance:
-Physical A__
- A__
- Especially for __
- Having h__-s__ friends
- S__ Skills
attractiveness
athleticism, boys
high-status
social
Assessing the Role of Social Skills:
C__ Studies:
- Identify children’s s__ status
- Gather p__ reports of b__
- Examine characteristics of r__ children
P__ Group Studies:
- Previously u__ children play together
- Record b__
- Identify children’s s__ status
correlational
sociometric
peer, behaviors
rejected
play
unacquainted
behaviors
sociometric
Social Skills Related to Peer Acceptance:
Popular and Likeable Children* - A\_\_ by peers - I\_\_; h\_\_ status in group - May exhibit p\_\_ and a\_\_ behaviors -C\_\_, f\_\_, s\_\_ to others, good e\_\_ regulation
R__ aggression: E__ others from social group and attempting to do h__ to other
people’s r__.
Distinction between *popular vs. “p__ popular” (or “c__”)
This list talks about kids who are actually liked by their peers and not just perceived as cool (aka popular)
accepted
impactful, high
prosocial, aggressive
cooperative, friendly, sensitive, emotion
relational, excluding, harm, relationships
perceived (cool)
Social Skills Related to Peer Acceptance:
Aggressive-Rejected Children:
prone to p__ aggression, d__ behavior, d__, and n__ behavior (h__, t__others)
Withdrawn-Rejected Children:
socially w__, w__, and often t__
Neglected Children:
keeps to s__, has i__ other than peers
Controversial Children:
p__, but also a__
physical, disruptive, delinquency, negative (hostility, threatening)
withdrawn, wary, timid
self, interests
prosocial, aggressive
Friendship vs. Peer Status
A__ and f__ are different constructs.
__% of high-accepted children have a reciprocal best friend
__% of low-accepted children have a reciprocal best friend
acceptance, friendship
90
50
Friendship vs. Peer Status:
Friendship can serve as a b__ for r__ children
-as number of friends increases, l__ decreases.
buffer, rejected
loneliness
III. Bullying and Victimization
- Physical bullying:
P__ hurting or t__ to hurt
someone. - Verbal bullying:
I__, t__, h__, or i__ someone. - Social bullying:
Purposely e__ someone from
c__ or a__, spreading r__, or
withholding f__.
Cyberbullying:
Use of t__ to h__ or u__ another person
Bullying is common: _% have experienced v__ bullying
physically, threatening
insulting, teasing, harassing, intimidating
excluding, conversations, activities, rumors, friendship
technology, harass, upset
31, verbal
Bullying and Victimization:
Children who bully are c__ and a__, susceptible to p__ p__, higher in s__ s__, and have h__ and i__ parents
Children who are victims of bullying are r__ by peers, do poorly in s__, and feel d__.
Children can be both b__ and v__ (~__%)
callous, antisocial, peer pressure, social status, harsh, insensitive
rejected, school, depressed
bullies, victims (20%)
Cyberbullying:
A form of r__ aggression!
relational
Cyberbullying:
Cyberbullying and Popularity study
- studied 12-14 year-olds in Belgium
- 154 students (an entire grade) across the school year
More cyberbullying leads to greater p__ p__ but not greater l__.
Cyberbullying may be attractive because it increases s__ among p__.
percieved popularity, likability
status, peers
Roles of Parents in Peer Relations
Parental Influences – Direct
- Modeling of s__ s__
- Encouraging p_ relationships
- M__ peer relationships
Parental Influences – Indirect
-S__ attachment predicts better s__ s__, f__, and r__ relationships later on.
-S__ parent-child relationship facilitates parental “m__” (often assessed as k__)
social skills
peer
monitoring
secure, social skills, friendships, romantic
strong, monitoring, knowledge
Parents & Peers Study
A large, longitudinal
study of 7-9-year-olds
showed that…
…p__ relationships
with parents can b__
children against negative
effects of p__ difficulties.
positive, buffer, peer
