Lecture 19

Question 1

The self involves a description of one’s:

 P\_\_ characteristics
 P\_\_ traits
 Personal p\_\_
 S\_\_ and f\_\_ relationships
 Details of e\_\_, c\_\_, national o\_\_

Answer 1

physical
personality 
preferences
social, familial 
ethnicity, culture, origin

Question 2

Three main aspects of self:

 I. Self-c__
 II. Self-i__
 III. Self-e__

Answer 2

concept
identity
esteem

Question 3

I. Self-Concept:

Self: A c__ system made up of one’s
t__ and a__ about oneself, including:

 P__ being
 S__ characteristics
 I__ characteristics

The self is d__ (it c__ over time).

Answer 3

conceptual, thoughts, attitudes

physical
social
internal

dynamic, changes

Question 4

Self-Concept in Infancy:

 Infants have a rudimentary concept of self

 About _ months – Self-concept becomes d__;
linked to a__.

 – months – Self-r__ appears; tested
by “r__ test”
-a child is marked (e.g., painted, or a sticker attached) on an area of the body they cannot normally see. They are then given access to a mirror. If they touch or investigate the mark, it is taken as an indication that the child perceives the reflected image as i__, rather than of another person.

This development leads to s__-c__ emotions
(e.g., p__, s__)

Answer 4

rudimentary

8, distinct, attachment

18-20, recognition, rouge

itself

self-conscious, pride, shame

Question 5

Self-Concept in Early Childhood:

Development of s__-d__
 - year-olds: “I am a boy/girl who _____.”

• p__ characteristics
• a__
• p__
• a__

But, alternative measures show that young children
may understand something about their p__
characteristics.
• e.g., Berkeley Puppet Interview, Child Self View Questionnaire
• puppets make o__ statements, children
choose statement more l__ t__.
• Children’s answers show c__.

Answer 5

self-descriptions

3-5

physical
appearance
possessions
actions

psychological
opposing, like them
consistency

Question 6

Self-Concept in Middle Childhood:

8-11 years – shift

 p__ characteristics
 can incorporate o__ characteristics

Answer 6

psychological

opposing

Question 7

Social comparison: The process of comparing
aspects of one’s own p__, b__, or
p__ functioning to that of o__ in order to
e__ oneself

Answer 7

psychological, behavioral, physical, others, evaluate

Question 8

Self-Concept in Adolescence:

 perceive self as having a__ characteristics (e.g., e__)
 develop multiple s__

Personal Fable:
A form of adolescent e__ that involves beliefs in the u__ of one’s own f__ and t__.

Imaginary Audience:
The belief stemming from adolescent egocentrism that
everyone else is f__ on the adolescent’s a__ and b__.

Answer 8

abstract, extrovert
selves

egocentrism, uniqueness, feelings, thoughts

focused, appearance, behavior

Question 9

Identity:
 A d\_\_ of the s\_\_
 E\_\_ imposed, as through m\_\_ in a group
 Each of us has m\_\_ identities
 Develops during a\_\_

The Four Groups of Identity Status Developed by Marcia:

Identity achievement:
The individual has achieved a c__ and c__
identity based on p__ decisions regarding occupation, ideology, and the like. The individual believes that these decisions were made a__ and is committed to them. (C__ and C__)

Identity foreclosure:
The individual has not engaged in any identity e__ and has established a v__ or i__ identity based on the choices or values of o__. (N_ c__ and C__)

Moratorium:
The individual is exploring various o__ and i__ choices and has not yet made a clear c__ to them. (N_ C__ and C__)

Identity diffusion:
The individual does not have firm c__ regarding the issues in question and is not making progress toward d__ them. (N_ C__ and N_ C__)

Answer 9

description, self
externally, membership
multiple
adolescence

coherent, consolidated, personal, autonomously, (Crisis and Commitment)

experimentation, vocational, ideological, others (No Crisis and Commitment)

occupational, ideological, commitment (No Commitment and Crisis)

commitments, developing (No Commitment and No Crisis)

Question 10

Self-esteem: One’s overall evaluation of the w__
of the self and the f__ that one has about that evaluation.

 Emerges around age _; includes children’s sense of:
• S\_\_ competence
• S\_\_ competence
• A\_\_ competence
• P\_\_ appearance
• B\_\_ conduct
• G\_\_ self-worth

Answer 10

worth, feelings

8
scholastic
social
athletic
physical
behavioral
global

Question 11

Individuals with high self-esteem:
 Feel g__ about themselves
 Are h__ in general
 Have positive s__-a__

Individuals with low self-esteem:
 Feel w__
 Are h__ and may turn to a__, d__, s__ abuse, social w__, s__ ideation

Answer 11

good
hopeful
self-attributes

worthless
hopeless, aggression, depression, substance, withdrawal, suicidal

Question 12

Sources of Self-Esteem:

 Age: Self-esteem is high in c__, drops in
a__, and heightens in a__.

 Gender: __ have lower self-esteem than __.

Answer 12

childhood, adolescence, adulthood

girls, boys

Question 13

Culture and Self-Esteem:

 Self-esteem can have a different meaning in
different cultures

• Western cultures: Self-esteem is related to i__ a__ and s__-p__.

• Asian cultures: Self-esteem is defined more
by contributing to the w__ of the l__ g__.

Answer 13

individual accomplishments, self-promotion

welfare, larger group

Question 14

What contributes to Self-Esteem?

• P__ support and acceptance
• S__ and n__
• A__, g__, and a__
• P__ support and acceptance
• R__/e__ identity
• C__ and h__ factors

Answer 14

parental
schools, neighborhoods
age, gender, appearance
peer
racial/ethnic
cultural, historical