Lecture 24-26 - Diseases of the tubular tract Flashcards
What is salpingitis, what species is it most common in?
Salpingitis is an infection of the uterine tubes that is a continuatuion of an infection inside the uterus (endometritis).
Occurs more commonly in bovine
How can salpingitis lead to adhesions and hydrosalpinx?
Inflammation of hte uterine tubes can lead to trasnluminal adhesions, blocking the uterine tube. This results in accumulation of secretions from the epithelium, causing hydrosalxpinx.
Can you diagnose salpingitis via U/S? Can you diagnose hydrosalpinx via U/S?
You cannot see salpingitis via U/S in the cow, but you can see hydrosalpinx - uterine tubes are dstined with fluid
In horses, the utero-tubual junction remains shut, unless an embryo secretes ____ to dilate the utero-tubual jucntion so that it can enter the uterus.
PgE
What is hte most common reason for mares to have blocked uterine tubes? How do we treat?
When mares are used as atheletes for a long period of time, they will eventually stop when they get older and get bred for the first time, but fail to become pregnant. This is because their utero-tubual junction remains shut for long periods of time without being opened, and gets filled with old cells and debris, known as casts.
To treat this, we can dribble PgE directly onto the uterine tube on the side of the ovary that will ovulate laparascopically, which will open up the junction and release all the stuff that is in there. It takes a skilled specialist to do this procedure.
Endometritis vs Metritis vs Pyometra
- Endometritis = infection of the lining of the uterus
- Metritis = life-threatening infection of the entire uterus, including the myometrium, results in severe septiciemia. Occurs in the post partum period, and not seen in cycling animals.
- Pyometra = endometritis that results in the production of an exudate in the uterus and then that exudate does not pass through the cervix, but accumulates in the uterus.
Endometrosis, endometrial fibrosis, and cystic endometrial hyperplasia are all examples of conditions that cause ______ of the uterus.
Degeneration
What is endometrosis and endometiral fibrosis?
Endometrosis is the degeneration of the endometrium. Endometrial fibrosis is a form of endometrosis. Both are irreversible.
T/F: Endometrosis and endometiral fibrosis mean absolute infertility.
False - while the conditions are irreversable, they do not mean that the female is infertile, but are classic causes of subfertility, especailly in the hrose
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia is preculiar to which species?
The bitch
Endometrial cysts are most commonly encountered in what species?
Horses
Foreign bodies in the uterus are almost always the consequence of some _____ procedure.
Iatrogenic
Pathogenesis of uterine infections are usually due to ______ bacteria, and rarely due to _____ pathogens.
opportunistic; primary
Opportunisitc pathogens to cause uterine infections in the mare:
- Streptococcus equi spp. zooepidemicus*
- E. coli*
Opportunistic pathogens common to cause uterine infections in the bovine:
- Aracnobacterium pyogenes*
- Fusobacterium necrophorum*
Opportunistic pathogens common to cause uterine infection in the canine
E. coli
Proteus
Primary pathogens to cause uterine infections are almost always transmitted ______.
venereally
Is it common for equine coital exanthema (EHV 3) to affect the uterus?
No - hardly effects the uterus- herpes lesions are usually confined to the vulva an dmaybe the vestibule. Herpes viruses like lower than normal body temperatures, so they stay in the part of hte repro tract that is cooler than the rest.
What primary pathogen causes contagious equine metritis in the horse?
Taylorella equigenitalis
List three primary pathogens transmitted venereally in the horse to affect the uterus:
- CEM (contagious equine metritis) - Taylorella equigenitalis
- Equine coital exanthema (EHV 3)
- Some strains of Pseudomonas and Klebsiella
List three primary pathogens trasmitted venereally that cause uterine infections in the bovine:
- Trichomonas fetus
- Campylobacter fetus ssp. venerealis (uncommon due to vaccine)
- Bovine herpes virus (BHV-1) - generally remains int he caudal repro tract (likes cooler temps)
Most cases of endometritis are due to compromise of the uterine _____. Entry/contamination during ____ and _____ parturition are common times to lead to endometritis.
Defenses; estrus and parturition
2 types of compromised defenses in the uterus are:
Anatomical - barriers damaged
Functional - lack of expulsion
Compromised defenses of the uterus are potentiated by _______, why?
Progesterone - results in:
Low myometrial tone, closed cervix, suppressed leukocyte function (migration and phagocytosis), and no edema
T/F: hematology (CBC) is a good way to diagnose endometritis.
False - CBC remains NORMAL when only the endoemtrium is infected
T/F: A pyometra in the bitch results in changes in CBC.
True
Treatment for uterine infections
Cure compromised defenses
Flush (evacuate exudate)
Ecbolis - increase uterine contractions to evacuate the exudate
Anitbiotics
Luteolysis to decrease progesterone
During which part of the estrous cycle is it the most common for the uterus to become infected?
Estrus - cervix is relaxed - exacerbated by mating/breeding
Parturition -
T/F: There is no such thing as a non-endometritic post-partum female.
True - all females after giving birth hav some bacterial infection or infalmmatory response in the endometrium
While estrus is a common time for contamination of the uterus due to an open cervix, what defenses does the female have during estrus to prevent infection?
Under the influence of estrogen, the uterus secretes transudate - resulting in a net flow of transudate through the uterine lumen and out through the vagina (flushing mechanism)
Estrogen also enahnces leukocyte activity, so the uterus is well positioned to clean up any residual infection while the female is in heat.
Often in horses, endometritis is the consquence of an ______ deranged caudal reproductive tract.
Anatomically
How do horses with a sunken anus get predipsoed to uterine infections?
With a sunken anus, part of the vulva is drawn up and forward into the rectal recess. The vulvar lips are pulled open, and the direction of hte urethra changes. Normally the uretrha opens up caudally, and the vulva angles carnio-dorsal, allowing for the urine to exit the body. With a sunken anus, the urethra is now pointed at the ceiling of hte vestibule - resulting in splashing ans praying inside the vestibule which is more likely to overcome hte effective vestibulo-vaginal sphringer, and the slope of the vagina can become cranio-ventral and allows for urine to run cranially up the vagina.
A vulvometer is used to measure caslick’s index. What units is it measured in? How do you calculate caslicks index?
Measured in centimeters
Caslick’s index = length of vulva above ischeal artch in cm x angle of declination from vertical
What test on the mare can we do to determine if hte vestibulo-vaginal sphincter is working properly?
Windsucker test
tx for defective vestibulo-vaginal sphincter in the mare
Make the vulva opening smaller - just big enough to pass urine through
Healed cervical tears often lead to cervical _____.
Incompetency - cannot close properly
Which canine breed natrually has a cranioventral slope to the vagina?
English bulldog
Excessively deep perivulvar skin folds lead to ____ and ____ in the bitch.
Peri-vulvar dermatitis and ascending infections
what are the consequences of a large uterus as a result of older age and high number of parities in the bovine?
The uterus repeatedly stretches and will eventually hang over the pelvic brim. This does not allow for flow from the uterus into the vagina b/c the uterus os now lower than the vagina and the pelvis.
How does milking the cow only 2x a day and reduced exercise lead to impaired uterine emptying?
Everyime you milk a cow, we induce oxytoxin release. Naturally a nursing cow would nurse 6-12 times a day - so we dramatically decrease the oxytocin peaks in a cow when we milk her only 2x a day.
Exercise also increases abdominal pressure - putting pressure on the uterus and aiding in the evacuation from the uterus.
How does pushing dairy cows to produce a lot of milk lead to impaired uterine emptying?
We put them in a high ionized calcium state - leading to low/marginal calcium cocentrations, which compromises uterine contraction
How can intra-uterine AI impair uterine emptying in the cow?
A cow is not used to have things deposited in her uterine. The penis of the bull deposists semen into the vagina,and only motile sperm can enter the uterus. With AI - we introduce all the things included in semen extender into her uterus, which can start inflammation and can be further made worse by overgrowth of bacteria.
What are ventral sacculations in the mare?
In older mares - ventral sacculations develop at the base of hte uterine horn - they are pockets where fluid and exudate get stuck in.
How does lack of regular teasing lead to impaired uterine emptying in the mare?
Everytime a mare interacts with a stallion - she releases oxytoxin - leading to myometrial contractions which aid in uterine emptying.
Why is it important to stretch the mares cervix with AI?
Because it mimics the stallions large glans penis that opens the cervix wide up, so that it takes everal days for the cervix to contract down and close. These several days that the cervix is open is necessary to make sure whatever is in the uterus gets out befor eit closes.
Why does performing AI postovulation the mare with frozen semen lead to problems?
While frozen-thawed semen have a short lifespan and therefore should be inseminated right at the time of ovulation, once the mare has ovulated she is under the influence of progesterone, and she was not meant to be bred naturally under the influence of progesterone - so becuase of the influence of P - she is more suscepitble to endometritis
Four reasons that can lead to reduced leukocyte activity (migration and phagocytosis)
Long diestrus in bitches - due to prolonged exposure of P which supresses leukocyte activity
Meatbolic disarray and negative energy balance in dairy cows
Pituiatry adenoma in mare
Idiopathic in some mares
By design, the luteal function of hte bitch constitutes persistence of the ____.
CL
How does cystic endometrial hyperplasia develop in the bitch?
The bitch has long diestrus with a persistent CL htat keep ssecreting progesterone. This leads to an accumulation of uterine milk within the uterine glands, and the endometrium will eventaully become macroscopically cystic.
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia is potentiated by the induction of progesterone receptors by _____. What is the consequence of this?
estrogen
So the effect of progesterone on the endometrium is GREATLY magnified with simultaneous exposure to estradiol - so that the use of exogenous estrogens in dogs is not used anymore today.
Also the use of exogenous progesterone has become uncommon in dogs that are currently in proestrus (at a time with estradiol concentrations are high). The bitch wwas designed to FIRST be exposed to estradiol, the progesterone, NOT to be exposed to them simulatenously!
Being under the influence of both E and P simultaneously can lead to pyometra in the bitch.
T/F: In the horse, free fluid in the uterus at the time that there is a detectable CL on the ovary means she has endometritis until proven otherwise.
True!
When do we expect fluid in the uterus of a mare normally?
When she is in heat
In the bitch, when vaginal cytology shows 100% dead superficial cells, and you see the presence of leukocytes, where do these leukocytes come from?
Can not be from vaginal origin - leukocytes cannot get through the dead superfiical cell layer. Therefore, they must have come from the uterus - indicating endometritis.
What is the consequence of endometritis during estrus in the bitch?
Pyometra in the subsequent estrus - when her cervix is closed and the exudate accumulates in her utuers. This is easy to diagnose via U/S.
Do not culture the uterus unless you have cytological evidence that there is an infection in the uterus. How do you know there is an infection?
When we see neutrophils reacting to the bacteria. Bacteria alone does NOT indicate a uterine infection.
What are the hematological changes in metritis and canine pyometra?
Toxic left shift
Acute: leukopenia
Chronic: leukocytosis
When treating endometritis with antimicrobials, is it better to do local or systemic approach?
Systemic - because with local, you can introduce new bacteria and incite another infection
When lavaging the uterus (uterine flush) - to help make sure we do not leave any fluid behind, what can we administer to the female towards the end of hte procedure?
Oxytocin
A uterine flush can remove up to 99% of bacteria in the uterus. Why not 100%?
Small percentage will be insid ethe tissues of the endometrium
Occasionally we prefer to remove the fluid present in the mares the uterus, instead of flushing her uterus out. When would this be the case?
If it occured the day after AI - - do not want to disrupt the oocyte, so we can detect the pocket of fluid from U/S and aspirate it out. Since this fluid is undiluted - we can use this fluid for diagnostic purposes - cytological exam - if no neutrophils are present, we know the fluid is just residual transudate, and the mare doe snot have endometritis.
If you wish to use a local antimicrobial, and the agent we wish to use based on our sensitivity test does not appear on a published table of agents afte to use in the uterus of a hors, can we still use it?
NO - many antimicrobials can be so caustic that they can cause endoemtrial fibrosis
Pyometra in the mare is most often found in ______ and _____ mares.
Immunocompromised and older
Affected mares with pyometra show no systemic signs of _____!!
Toxemia
Which species is pyometra associated with systemic illeness? In which species is it NOT associated with systemic illness?
Pyometra is only associated with systemic illness in the dog! Pyometra in the horse and cow is NOT associated with systemic signs of disease.
The best time to diagnose whether or not a horse has endometritis with a cytology swab, is when her uterus should be free of both microorganisms and inflammatory cells. During which stage of the estrous cycle is this?
Diestrus
It is imporant to give the mare PgF at the time of the swab. Why?
Becuase we are passing an instrument through the cervix - we anticipate that this will cause endometritis. So we want to induce the mare to come into heat by administering PgF, destroying the source of progesterone.
Why do we want to treat endometritis 2-3 days after the cytology swab and administration of PgF?
In 2-3 days, the culture and sensitivity results will come back. But more importantly, we want the mare to be in proestrus and under the influence of estrogen when we treat her - this is the best time to treat! We want the mare to be able to flush out her uterus - and we want her cervix to be open.
What is hte consequence of diagnosing endometritis in the mare during estrus and treating during diestrus (due to 2-3 days delay in culture and sensitivity results)?
Treating in diestrus will cause the mare to get infected again becuase she is under the influence of progesterone. So this causes a follow up exam, and once the second sets of results are aavailable, the mare has alreayd ovulated and is not in heat naymore - so you endup spending a total of three cycles treating her endometritis, and the mare is still not bred/pregnant.
In the mare, when treating with antimicrobials for endometritis - we want to put her on systemic antimicrobials _____ breeding until _____ breeding!
Before; after
Using the treamtent protocl of endometritis in mares where you diagnose during diestrus, and treat during estrus, and plan to AI and induce ovulation as well, from teh onset of diagnostic intervention through therapy up until the pregnancy exam is equal to ____ cycle.
One
Bovine endometritis is most common ___-___ days post partum. Why?
30-60 - large uterus, and not getting milked enough to cause sufficient release of oxytoxcin - all decrease her ability to evacuate bacteria in the uterus
Most common treatment of endometritis in the cows:
PgF - most effective in cows with a CL:
Results in the induction of estrogen dominated estrus
Ecbolic in all cows
Benefit to cows without Cl is questionable.
When giving systemic antimicrobials to treat endometritis in cows, we want broad spectrum because we hardly base it on culture results. However, we do have to consider milk withdrawal. Which drug has no milk withdrawal (oxytetracycline or ceftiofur)?
Oxytetracyclien as LONG milk withrdawal
Ceftiofur has NO milk withdrawal
T/F: Anteiseptics can be used in the uterus.
FALSE - they are caustic
Estrogens are very effective in treating in endometritis, but are ______ by law.
prohibited
How do you treat pyometra in the cows?
PgF - pyometra in the cow is virutally always associated with retention of the CL in the cow
Define pyometra in the bitch
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia –> mucometra (=hydrometra) –> endometritis –> pyometra complex
Classic History for Canine Pyometra
- Middle-aged
- Nulliparous (never had puppies)
- Last estrus was 4-8 weeks ago
- Treated with steroids for birth control
- P to suppres estrus
- E as “morning-after” tx for mismated bitches
- Treated with antimicrobials during previous heats
- Gradual onset of disease
Presentation of Canine Pyometra
- Lethargy
- Decreased appetite
- Sometimes:
- Vaginal discharge
- PU/PD (from endotoxemia)
- Vomiting and/or diarrhea (from being toxemic)
- Collapse
- Free fluid at time of pregnancy diagnosis
In canine pyometra, when is the only time the bitch presents with a nasty vaginal discharge?
When she exits diestrus - goes into proestrus/estrus
During diestrus, she is under the influence of P, which keeps her cervix shut. In proestrus and estrus, she is under the influence of estrogen, and her cervix re-opens, allowing all the pus that has been building up to drain
Clinical Findings in Canine Pyometra
- Fever (hypothermia when in severe schock)
- Distended, tender abdomen
- Vaginal discharge (+/-)
- Enlarged lymph nodes
- Dehydration
- PU/PD
- Anemia
Why should you be caerful upon abdominal palpation in a bitch that you suspect has pyometra?
When you palpate the pus-filled uterus while the cervix is shut, the pus can exit through the utero-tubual junction, get pushed up the uterine tubes and into the peritoneal cavity, turning the pyometra into a pyoabdomen. The bitch can easily collapse and die within hours.
If you suspect canine pyometra, should you palpate the abdomen for an enlarged uterus?
No, forego palpation and do an U/S to look at her uterus!
Too big of a risk to potentially create a pyoabdomen by pushing the pus out into the peritoneal cavity if her cervix is shut.
When should you do a vaginoscopy, cytology, and culture to diagnose pyometra in the bitch? What are the findings indicative of pyometra?
If you want to preserve the bitch for breeding and treat her medically instead of spaying her, then a vaginoscopy is indicated to take a culture.
With a little bit of pressure, some pus will still come out the closed cervix into the anterior protion of the vagina. Perform a cytyology from this area: expect to see MANY neutrophils and phoagocytosed bacteria.
Then perform a culture.
70% of canine pyometra causes are caused by which pathogen?
E. coli
Canine pyometra is almost always ____ bacterial, and virtually always an ______ infection.
Vaginal; opportunistic
Purpose of an anterior vagainal culture in canine pyometra:
Antimicrobial sensitivity testing
What are the results of lab work in canine pyometra?
- Neutrophilia (chronic) and left shift –> most cases
- Neutropenia (acute) - rare to find acute pyometra
- Hematocrit: Up (dehdration) or Down (anemia)
- BUN - check kidneys (elevated with kidney problem)
- Hypergammaglobulinemia (Increase in IgG concentrations)
When to perform lab work if you suspect canine pyometra?
Generally, lab work is not needed to diagnose pyometra. If you have done an U/S exam, and find fluid in the uterus in a dog that was in heat 4-8 weeks ago, you can diagnose pyometra.
Lab work can simply rule out pyometra if there is a normal WBC count.
Lab work can also be indicated if we plan on medically treating the bitch with antibiotics, and we want to check the health status of her kidneys, b/c some drugs are nephrotoxic.
Treatment of canine pyometra in a non-breeding bitch?
Ovariohysterectomy ASAP
Remove the entire uterus and cervix (can even ligate through her anterior vagina to make sure all her cervix is removed and avoid stump pyometra)!
Handle with caution - make large incision to avoid pressure on the uterus - which can cause leakage into the peritoneal cavity through the uterine tubes, leading to peritonitis.
Is it important to stabilize the bitch first before going into surgery for an ovario-hysterectomy in bitch with canine pyometra?
It is of not much use - she is so toxic, that our primary goal is to get these toxins out!
Best medical treatment for canine pyometra and doses:
PGF2a - Dinoprost - to cause luteolysis + ecbolic agent:
50 mcg/kg BD s/c 1 day
100 mcg/kg BID s/c 1 day
250 mcg/kg BID s/c 5 days
OR –> 10 mcg/kg QID s/c 7-10 days (virutlaly no side effects)
We also need to squeeze the uterus once we lyse the CL to put the pus under pressure and move it through the cervix to get it out.
List four common antimicrobials used to medically treat pyometra:
- Gentocin (nephrotoxic) and penicillin
- Amoxicillin
- Clavulinic acid
- Enrofloxacin (less nephrotoxic than gentocin)
When is it acceptable to use steroids for a canine pyometra?
If you plan on doing a ovariohysterectomy - the uterus needs to come out, because corticosteroids will leave the uterus completely defenseless.
After medically treating canine pyometra, when is the best time to breed the bitch nex?
In the very next estrus!!! We do not want to leave the uterus empty - good to have fetuses in there.
If the bitch fails to fall pregnant after being tx medically for canine pyometra, what should we think about?
Did the pyometra cause histologic damage to the endometrium
In europe, they spay their females via ovarioectomies, instead of ovariohysterectomies. Do those bitches get pyometra since they have an intact uterus?
No - they do not get pyometra. WIthout the steroidogenic properties of the ovaries, the cystic endometrial hyperplasia that precedes the pyometra does not occur.
What is megestrol acetate (Ovaban) and is it available as a labeled drug?
It is a progestagen given to bitches as a form of ‘birth control.’ When given during proestrus/estrus the bitch will most likley develop pyometra, so the drug is no longer availabel as a labeled drug, but is available as a compounded drug.
It must be given the bitch when she is deep in diestrus/anestrus!
What is mibolerone and is it availabel as a labeled drug in the US?
Mibolerone is an adnrogenic drug - testosterone-like - given to bitches to suppress the hypothalmo-pituiatry axis, putting the bitch into deep anestrus.
It is not availabel as a labeled drug, but is available as a compounded drug.
Side effects may include clitoral enlargement.
Endometrial cysts in the bitch are ______, and involve dilations in the endoemtrial glands. In the hrose, they can be seen _______, they are not cystic glands however, they are spaces that fill up with _____fluid.
microscopic; macroscopically; lymphatic
Are endometrial cysts a sign of a pathogenic disease in mares?
No - we interpret there presence as a sign that the uterus is no longer new - damage that has come with age and repeated pregnancies.
Significance of endometrial cysts in mares:
- Inidcation of endometrosis
- Can block embryo (if > 3cm) - failure of maternal recogition of pregnancy
- Can interfere with placentation
While endometrial cysts can interfere with placentation in mares, more often than not, the fetal membranes attach to the cyst wall _____, and the mare continues with her pregnancy to term.
Normally
Two treatment methods for endometrial cysts in the mare?
Treat with altrenogest 7 days after the mare is bred, so that she does not have to rely on the maintenace of her CL brought on by maternal recognition of pregnancy.
Or you can surgically remove the cysts with lasers.
Endometrosis is a _______ disease, and can lead to impaired ______ and intra-uterine growth ______.
Degenerative; placentation; retardation
Lymphatic lacunae, glandular atrophy, and fibrosis in the mare are signs of ________.
Endometrosis
Hydrometra is obstructed outflow of _________
Uterine milk
Hydrometra is classically encountered to this particualr species, why?
Goats - persistent CL - keeps cervix shut due to continuous P influence
A common clinical sign involving the uterus in White heifer disease found in Charloi heifers in America is?
Hydrometra
Ontop of traumatic lesions invovling fibrosis of the cervix, very occasionally there might be congenital malformation of the cervix, like a duplicated cervix in the horse for example. Both cause the cervix to be dysfunctionall, unable to open and close when it needs to. How can this lead to placentitis or endometritis?
THe cervix will not close or open when it needs so - so it will allow access to the uterine lumen during pregnancy, or other times like diesturs.
Poor perineal and vaginal conformation can lead to pneumo- and urovagina in the mare and bovine. Solution to this problem?
Caslick’s Surery
or
Urethral extension - extend urethra in caudal direction, making an artifiial tunnel from existing urethral opening to somehwere very close to the vulva
Transluminal adhesions of the vagina are most commonly caused by what, and how do they form?
Intra-partal trauma - vaginal trauma during parturition - when roughened up surfaces from the vainga oppose, they will grow together and form transluminal adhesions
Transluminal vaginal adhesions occur in every species, and be so severe, they they can lead to ______.
Hydrometra
Vaginal transluminal bands are remnants of the ______ tubes found approximately at the level of the vestibule sphincter, and can be a congenital condition in _____.
Muellerian tubes; the canine
Treatment for vaginal transluminal bands
Break thin bands, or transect thicker bands/curtains
Vaginal hyperplasia, specifically in the canine, is an excessive proliferation of the _____ of the vaginal _______ under the influence of ______.
floor; epithelium; estrogen
Vaginal hyperplasia is a heritable trait, most commonly found in which breeds?
Brachycephalic breeds: english buildog, boxer, boerbull
Can bitches with vaginal hyperplasia get pregnant?
Not naturally, it prevents intromission and natural service. But you can perform AI on her.
Tx of vaginal hyperplasia
Spay
Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is made up of tumor cells that have an abnormal number of _______.
Chromosomes
T/F: TVTs usually regress spontaneously after months.
True
TVT is usually not a malignant tumor, but if it is, how do you tx it?
Chemotherapy - vinchristine
TVT is a venereal disease of the vagina and vulva, but if can tranplant to the ____ and ____ by licking.
Mouth and skin
Puppy vaginitis is peculiar in ________ biches, mostly ____ breed, that develop _____ vulvar discharge.
pre-pubertal; large breeds; purulent discharge
T/F: In puppy vaginitis, self-cure is very common.
True
T/F: The best treatment for puppy vaginitis is to spay the bitch.
False!!!! DO NOT SPAY UNTIL RESOLVED! Usually self-cures after the first heat.
Even though treatment is rarely necessary, what can you do to tx puppy vaginitis?
Flush vagina with dilute antiseptic solution - antibiotics will NOT work.
T/F: Finding bacteria in the vagina is diagnostic for vaginits.
False - vagina is naturally full of bacteria
What are the two sexually transmited disease in dogs?
TVT and brucellosis
T/F: Mycoplasmas found in the vagina of the bitch may cause sub-fertility.
False
Tritrichomonas fetus is a bovine STD that is exclusively transmitted by…
Coitus/Infected semen
Carrier for Tritrichomonas fetus
Older bulls
Do bulls show clinical symptoms when infected with Tritrichomonas fetus?
No - bulls are always sub-clinical
T/F: Younger ( < 3years) bulls self-cure Tritrichomonas fetus infections.
True
Tritrichomonas fetus, besides being a bovine STD, can also cause what in cats?
gastrointestinal disease
Can cats be a source of infection of T. fetus in cattle?
No - T. fetus is only transmitted sexually.
Clinical signs of T. fetus in cows?
Mild endometritis will lead to emrbyonic death after maternal recognition of pregnancy - so the cows look apaprently pregnant, lose the embryo, and return to heat at much longer interval than the expected 21 days. (lose embryo, NOT the fetus, so it is not an abortion) - abortions are very rare
May result in some pyometras
Cows infected with T. fetus self-cure after ___ cycles.
3
T/F: Self-cure of T. fetus in cows is much accelerated at subsequent exposure.
True
Naive herds infected with T. fetus have pregnancy rates as low as _____, while herds with endemic infections can have pregnancy rates as high as ____.
30%, 80%
Is T. fetus a reportable disease in missouri?
Yes
How to diagnose T. fetus
Test bulls - preputial sampling - culture or PCR
T. fetus is an _____ protozoa.
anaerobic
The device where we transport culture of T. fetus is called _____
En pouch
The sampling device that we use for diagnosing T. fetus is called _____
Tichit (better for scraping)
To eliminate T. fetus, cull all exposed bulls older than ___ years.
Three
In order to retain young, valuable bulls during T. fetus exposure, they must test negative ____ times at weekly intervals.
3
Tx for T fetus?
Do not even consider tx - cull.
When trying to keep a clean herd (free of T. fetus) it is important ot keep bulls out until 60 days (3 cycles) after the _____ cow has calved. The cows will then be synchornized, treated with AI, and clean-up bulls thereafter will be ______ bulls.
Then it will be improtan tto test the bulls when?
Once tested, cull all bulls and _______ if infection is detected, in even just one bull.
last; virgin; at the END of the season`; non-pregnant cows
are vaccines a reliable way to control T. fetus in cattle?
No - waste of time
In cows infected with Campylbacter fetus ssp. venerealis, abortions a little ____ common and pyometras are ____ common, compared to T. fetus infections.
More; less
How do you control Campylobacter fetus spp. venerealis in cows?
100% effective vaccine
Bovine herpesvirus (IBR) causes ________ in the cow.
Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, caused by bovine herpesvirus, can be spread venereally and _____. It invovles ____ on the genitalia of both sexes.
mechanically; pustules
T/F: Cows spontaneously recover for IBR (bovine herpesvirus)
True
T/F: Contagious equine metritis has been virtually eradicated from the USA, but isolated cases are still present of unknown origin.
True
T/F: Contagious equine metritis causes metritis.
False!!! Causes endometritis, and therefore infertility
Does hte mare show clinical signs of being sick with contagious equine metirits?
No - becuase it only causes endometirits - and mares do not show thye are systemically ill with endometirits - only will show inferility.
Where is hte organism of CEM harbored in the mare?
Clitoral fossa and sinus
Tx of CEM
Clitoridectomy
Equine coital exanthema is caused by ____
Equine herpes virus III
Equine coital exanthema - results in painful _____ and ____ on external genitalia
Papules and macules
What are the consequences of equine coital exanthema caused by equine herpes virus III?
None, except that breeding is painful - so stallion and mare will refuse natural breeding.
