Lecture 19,20 - Pregnancy Diagnosis Flashcards
When you make a pregnancy diagnosis, is 95% chance good enough?
No - when in doubt, be absolutely uncertain. Either 100% she is pregnant or 100% she is not pregnant. Anything else, you say “I do not know”
To see if the bovine has a persistent CL, you can measure progesterone between days ____ and ___ in serum and milk.
18-23
Is measuring progesterone levels pregnancy specific?
No, but highly suggestive
Why might a progesterone measurement in the bovine result in false positive?
Was pregnant, but lost the pregnancy after maternal recognition of pregnancy.
In the bovine, you can do a transrectal palpation for pregnancy detection beginning at ___ days after insemination.
30
What are the four positive signs of pregnancy in the bovine?
Transrectal palpation of the amniotic vescile, fetal membrane slip, fetus, and/or placentomes.
When can you palpate the amniotic vesicle in the bovine?
Day 30 (35)
When can you palpate the fetal membrane slip (allanto-chorion) in a cow?
from day 35 (42)
When can you palpate the fetus in the bovine?
From day 60
When can you palpate placentomes in the bovine?
Day 75 (90)
Is palpating a fetus in the bovine trasnrectally a definitive diagnosis for pregnancy?
Yes
Upon transrectal palpation, where can you locate the pelvic floor? Is it the same in older cows who have experienced many pregnancies?
On the pelvic floor
In older cows, the caudal ring of hte cervix can be located over the brim of the pelvis, even when not pregnant.
In the bovine, assymetry of the uterine horns, CL on ovary ipsilateral to large horn, inability to retract cervix into the pelvis, and fluid inside the uterine lumen are all _____ signs of pregnancy.
Suggestive (NOT positive)
Besides a suggestive sign of pregnancy, what else can fluid inside the uterine lumen suggest?
- Pyometra
- Hydrometra
- Urinary bladder
How do you differentiate a pyometra from fetal fluid in the bovine?
In a pyometra, the uterus has thick walls, both horns are expanded, and there are NO placentomes/membrane slips/or a palpable fetus.
How do you differentiate a hydrometra from fetal fluid in the bovine?
A hydrometra is accumulation of uterine milk in the abscence of infection. The uterus has thin walls, unlike a pyometra that has thick walls. And there are no palpable placentomes/membrane slips/fetus.
What is a fremitus?
A fremitus is a palpable vibration in the middle of the uterine artery due to increased blood flow to the uterus. This can be suggestive of pregnancy, but not a positive finding.
Fremitus in a pregnant bovine can be felt from ___ months in the pregnant horn, and from ___ months in the contra-lateral horn.
5; 7
When might fremitus occur other than pregnancy?
Fremitus will be present in any condition associated with increased blood flow to the uterus, including pyometra, hydrometra, or post-partum.
In the bovine, a uterus that is not retractable is usually associated with pregnancy > __ days.
70
Differentials for a non-retractable uterus in the bovine other than pregnancy:
- Poor hand strength or technique by palpator
- Pyometra
- Hydrometra
- Fetal mummy (uterus remains enlarged with dead fetus)
- Uterine/ovarian tumor
- Adhesions (abdominal surgery leading to adhesions of the uterus)
What is the first thing you can palpate during gestation in the bovine?
Amnionic vesicle
Why is palpating the membrane slip in the bovine useful from days 35-90 of gestation?
Can first be felt on day 35 of gestation, and after day 90, other structures such as placentomes can be used to detect pregnancy.
The membrane slip can detect a pregnant horn at 35 days, and can detect in a non-pregnant horn at 70 days.
WHen palpating for a membrane slip in the bovine, compress the uterine horn immediately ____ to the cervix and allow the ______ membrane to slip between the fingers.
Cranial; chrioallantoic