Lecture 22 Flashcards
Phosphate (PO4-) groups are
often transferred as a way to regulate substrate function
Kinases do what
transfer PO4- to targets (phosphorylation)
Phosphatases do what
remove PO4- from targets
Enzyme catalytic domains are
highly conserved, used over and over again
What is enzyme regulation
enzyme control by binding other molecules or posttranslational modification such as phosphorylation
Example of enzyme regulation
allosteric change
What is allosteric change
change in the shape of one region of the protein that affects the change in the shape of another region allowing regulation of activity
Anabolic pathways are
creation of complex molecules from simpler ones
Anabolic pathways result in
endergonic, energy goes into system
+∆G energy
Catabolic pathways
breaking down molecules into smaller ones
Catabolic pathways result in
exergonic, energy releases from system
-∆G
Glucose most reduced form
starch
glucose most oxidized form
CO2+H2O
Biological oxidations are
highly exergonic (energy releases from system)
Carbs, fats, and proteins are what to release energy
oxidized
Dehydrogenation is
removal of electrons and protons
Coenzymes serve as
electron acceptors
Coenzymes are
small molecules that bind to the enzyme at the same time as the substrate
Example of coenzyme
vitamins
NAD+ is
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
reduced NADH
Alcohol metabolism exemplifies
co-enzyme function
Glucose is
primary fuel for our cells
Energy molecule from glucose is
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
ATP is
an intermediate currency molecule
ATP does what
donates a phosphate group to encourage new lower energy bond (overall -∆G)
