Lecture 21

Question 1

immune complex type hypersensitivity: Involves soluble immune complexes (IgG, IgM, IgA) of antibody and antigen; Only involves complement binding Abs; Complexes are spread to joints/kidneys; Complexes precipitate and activate complement causing tissue damage

Answer 1

Type 3

Question 2

Present in almost all tissues and are the mature form of monocytes.Orchestrate immune responses and help induce inflammation.Secrete signaling proteins that activate other immune cells.General scavenger cells in the body

Answer 2

macrophages

Question 3

release of granules containing histamine and active agents

Answer 3

mast cell

Question 4

3 stages of healing cascade

Answer 4

inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling

Question 5

not true cells, cytoplasmic fragments w/ purple granules that contain chemical for blood clotting (enzymes, serotonin, Ca2+ ions, ADP, and PDGF), normally kept in “inactive” state by molecules secreted by endothelial cells of blood vessels; when activated, form temporary plug that helps to seal breaks in blood vessels

Answer 5

platelets

Question 6

anuclear cell bodies derived from megakaryocytes, which circulate in the vasculature. undergo Adhesion, Activation, and Aggregation during coagulation.

Answer 6

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 7

migration of leukocytes (mainly neutrophils or PMNs) into the site of injury (cellular recruitment and activation) associated with acute inflammation

Answer 7

cellular events

Question 8

Cells of the immune system that store and release histamine

Answer 8

Mast Cells

Question 9

is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Derived from tryptophan, primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), blood platelets, and the central nervous system. Released upon degranulation of platelets at site of injury. Functions as a smooth muscle constrictor to immediately act to limit the loss of blood volume

Answer 9

Serotonin

Question 10

activated function of phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms; antigen presentation

Answer 10

macrophages

Question 11

antibody dependent hypersensitivity: cell membrane antigens altered to “non self”; could be from complement mediated lysis of host cells, antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, or direct binding by antibody to stimulate the cell

Answer 11

Type 2

Question 12

balance between constrictor and dilator influences

Answer 12

vascular tone

Question 13

contraction of smooth muscle cells of vessel walls to restrict the loss/flow of blood at site of injury; triggered by sympathetic nerves

Answer 13

vasoconstriction

Question 14

is the most important mediator of a type IV reaction

Answer 14

IFNy

Question 15

cell mediated hypersensitivity: Important mechanism to protect against intracellular pathogens (AIDS patients often get TB); Mediated by T cells rather than by antibody; Either CD4 Helper T cells or CD8 cytotoxic T cells

Answer 15

Type 4

Question 16

anaphylactic hypersensitivity: includes Hayfever, bee sting, allergic asthma, penicillin, and aspirin: allergy and atrophy

Answer 16

Type 1

Question 17

ancestral system designed to keep an individual from bleeding; includes the vascular system, the coagulation system, fibrinolytic system, platelets, kinin system, serine protease inhibitors, and the complement system

Answer 17

hemostatic system

Question 18

formed when fluid leaks out because of increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure; low protein content, few cells

Answer 18

transudate

Question 19

3 major components of acute inflammation

Answer 19

vascular changes, cellular events, and mediators

Question 20

sympathetic nerves and circulating factors

Answer 20

extrinsic factors

Question 21

formed in inflammation where there is high protein content, and may contain some white and red cells; vascular permeability increases as a result of increased interendothelial spaces; protein and fluid leakage

Answer 21

exudate

Question 22

____ infiltrate in response to lipid mediators including leukotriene B4 and engulf and degrade pathogens

Answer 22

PMNs

Question 23

derived from plasma cells and proteins associated with acute inflammation

Answer 23

mediators

Question 24

is a critical factor in initiating the immune response mechanisms to fight inflammation. It causes vasodilation and permits entry of cells and proteins into the site of the infection to engage invading pathogens. It also is a mediator of itching.

Answer 24

Histamine

Question 25

Pro-coagulant in its actions (acts as a vasoconstrictor) with short half-life (30 sec). Produced by activated platelets it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation through increasing expression of the GPIIb/IIIa protein complex on platelet membranes. This same effect is also how ADP stimulates platelet activation. Drug Clopidogrel blocks this action. Works by binding to thromboxane A2 receptors (G protein coupled receptor) on platelets. Synthesized by thromboxane-A synthase from prostaglandin H2 in a reaction which also produces equal amounts of 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHT).

Answer 25

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

Question 26

your body’s process of fighting against things that harm it, such as infections, injuries, and toxins, in an attempt to heal itself

Answer 26

Inflammation

Question 27

increased blood flow (vasodilation) and increased vascular permeability associated with acute inflammation

Answer 27

vascular changes

Question 28

Primary cells recruited into site of acute inflammation (PMNs)Most numerous of the phagocytic cells and most important in innate immune responses

Answer 28

neutrophil

Question 29

bind to one of four different histamine G-protein coupled receptors on GI, uterus, lung, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Causes vasodilation of vasculature and vasoconstriction of alveolar airways. produced and released from basophils (circulation) and mast cells (connective tissue) during local immune responses

Answer 29

Histamine

Question 30

myogenic, endothelial, local substances, and metabolic byproducts

Answer 30

intrinsic factors

Question 31

3 stages of hemostatic system

Answer 31

vasoconstriction of blood vessels, formation of a platelet plug, and blood clotting which reinforces the platelet plug with a fibrin mesh

Question 32

exposed collagen fibrils represent a site of platelet attachment to initiate blood coagulation.

Answer 32

Tissue Collagen

Question 33

normally 1/10,000 bone marrow cells are these large multi-lobulated nuclear cells which give rise to platelets. Number can rise dramatically in disease.

Answer 33

Megakaryocytes:

Question 34

earliest stage of inflammation is marked by

Answer 34

tissue edema

Question 35

Cell stressors like ischemia activate ________ which cleaves arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids and facilitates formation of prostaglandins

Answer 35

phospholipase A2

Question 36

Anti-coagulant in its actions (it inhibits platelet activation and acts as a vasodilator). produced in endothelial cells, which line the walls of arteries and veins, from prostaglandin H2(PGH2) by the action of the enzyme prostacyclin synthase. has a half-life of 42 seconds, is broken down into 6-keto-PGF1, which is a much weaker vasodilator

Answer 36

Prostacyclin PGI2

Question 37

Primary cells recruited into site of acute inflammation. Most numerous of the phagocytic cells and most important in innate immune responses

Answer 37

Neutrophils (PMNs)

Question 38

(made and released by damaged endothelial cells). Normally kept in balance by other mechanisms but when overexpressed can contribute to high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart disease among other diseases. Implicated in vascular diseases of heart, lung, kidney and brain.

Answer 38

Endothelin-1

Question 39

production of erythrocytes: erythropoiesis

Answer 39

hemocytoblast, proerythroblast, erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte, and erythrocyte

Question 40

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 40

pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function