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Biochem Exam 2 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Adequate levels of thyroxine (T4) affects metabolism

A

True

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2
Q

xerostomia and increased risk of caries due to changes in oral microbiome are dental complications of _____

A

radioiodine therapy

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3
Q

enzyme found primarily in the thyroid that activates iodine for incorporation into tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin for the production of T4 or T3. Encoded by the TPO gene.

A

thyroid peroxidase

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4
Q

blocks the thyroid gland’s ability to absorb and utilize dietary iodine, and effect that is of concern when iodine drops off; ubiquitous environmental toxin that causes low iodine when contaminated

A

perchlorate

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5
Q

distorted sense of taste (quality of life issue)

A

dysgeusia

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6
Q

(dry mouth syndrome) subjective symptom of dryness of the mouth. Reduced salivary flow or change in composition of the saliva. Common and can be a side effect of medication or other treatments like radioiodine therapy for thyroid cancer or for treating Graves disease.

A

xerostomia

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7
Q

underproduction of cortisol; can result from autoimmune diseases

A

Addison’s disease

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8
Q

located on top of kidneys; consists of 2 parts

A

adrenal glands

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9
Q

high levels of adrenaline

A

pheochromocytoma

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10
Q

main mineralcorticoid

A

aldosterone

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11
Q

site of production of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

A

adrenal medulla

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12
Q

common treatment for Graves Disease which leads to death/atrophy of the thyroid gland where it concentrates.

A

Radioactive iodine (131I)

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13
Q

also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland leading to reduced production of thyroid hormone.

A

Hashimoto’s disease

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14
Q

health and developmental consequences of low iodine; especially damaging during early pregnancy and early childhood; can lead to cretinism, stillbirth, and miscarriage; even mild deficiency can cause a significant loss of hearing ability

A

iodine deficiency disorders

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15
Q

produces catecholamines

A

adrenal medulla

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16
Q

any biological process which exhibits a repeating oscillatory behavior of about 24 h cycle length.

A

circadian

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17
Q

triiodothyronine, a primary regulator of metabolic rate and function from fat, protein, and carbohydrate energy sources

A

T3

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18
Q

abnormally high secretion of T3 and T4 hormones.

A

hyperthryroidism

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19
Q

____ is major form in blood; longer half-life than _____

A

T4, T3

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20
Q

_____ deficiency can lead to decreased T3 levels because _____ is found in iodothyronine deiodinase

A

selenium, selenium metal ions

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21
Q

main glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

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22
Q

main catecholamines

A

adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

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23
Q

concentration of T3 _____ when concentration of TSH increases

A

increases

24
Q

T/F: Steroid covers are essential for routine dental procedures

A

False

25
Q

ecurrent cycles repeated within a 24 h circadian day.

A

ultradian

26
Q

in Grave’s disease, the autoimmune reaction is due to an antibody that binds to the _______ receptor, which stimulates the thyroid to overproduce

A

thyrotropin

27
Q

an immune reaction to substance or substances normally present within the body.

A

autoimmune disease

28
Q

one of the disorders that results in overproduction of thyroid hormones. It is caused by an autoimmune production of antibodies against the TSH receptor which result in constitutive activation of the receptor and elevated secretion of thyroxine (T4).

A

Graves disease

29
Q

converts T4 to T3 in target cells

A

iodothyronine deiodinase

30
Q

is required as a nutrient by higher animals to synthesize thyroid hormones. Radioactive as well as non-radioactive are concentrated in the thyroid gland.

A

iodine

31
Q

T/F: 3,3’,5’ is metabolically active

A

False

32
Q

T/F: 3,5,3’ is metabolically active

A

True

33
Q

abnormally large thyroid

A

goiter

34
Q

greatly accelerated metabolism, heart problems, osteoporosis, eye problems, red swollen skin, thyrotoxic crisis, brittle hair, and abnormal thermal regulation are all common symptoms of

A

hyperthyroidism

35
Q

concentration of T4 _____ when concentration of TSH increases

A

decreases

36
Q

increase aldosterone, which controls blood pressure and body salt and potassium levels

A

hyperaldosteronism

37
Q

synthesis of the thyroid hormones involves the protein ________

A

thyroglobulin

38
Q

enlarged or swollen tongue

A

marcoglossia

39
Q

single largest endocrine gland in the body; produces calcitonin; 2 lobes; only tissue capable of absorbing iodine

A

thyroid

40
Q

stimulates release of thyroid stimulating hormone and Prolactin from the anterior pituitary. Produced from the hypothalamus.

A

Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)

41
Q

bronzing hyperpigmentation of the skin, oral mucosal melanosis- buccal mucosa, tongue are signs of

A

addison’s disease

42
Q

large dimeric protein produced by and used within the thyroid gland; bound to T3 and T4 is called colloid; a precursor of T3 and T4; is produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

A

thyroglobulin

43
Q

cluster of metabolic risk factors; excessive abdominal fat, high blood pressure, high triglyceride and/or cholesterol levels, high blood sugar; can result in serious disease like heart disease and T2DM

A

metabolic syndrome

44
Q

abnormally low secretion of T3 and T4 hormones

A

hypothyroidism

45
Q

fatty tissue deposition (moon face), osteoporosis, delayed healing of fractures and soft tissue injuries are signs of

A

cushing’s syndrome

46
Q

produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and adrenal androgens

A

adrenal cortex

47
Q

autoimmune disease that is T-cell mediated where the immune system attack the thyroid; affects Women more than man; patients develop a goiter as disease progresses

A

Hashimoto’s

48
Q

more common in women over age 60; symptoms include fatigue, sensitivity to cold, constipation, dry skin, weight gain, and puffy face

A

hypothyroidism

49
Q

______ is one of the most common glandular disorders of the endocrine system; 4-5x. more prevalent in females than in males

A

thyroid dysfunction

50
Q

Produced by the thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates endocrine function of the thyroid gland.

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

51
Q

thyroxine, a primary regulator of metabolic rate and function. Major form of the hormone in the blood has a longer half-life than T3.

A

T4

52
Q

______ occurs when antiboides stimulate the thyroid which consequently shuts down the feedback mechanism

A

hyperthyroidism (Graves disease)

53
Q

main adrenal androgens

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone

54
Q

overproduction of the adrenal hormone cortisol.

A

cushing’s syndrome

55
Q

eads to decreased production of T3 and T4 and enlarges the thyroid causing goiter.

A

iodine deficiency

56
Q

site of production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens.

A

adrenal cortex

Biochem Exam 2 (10 decks)

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