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Biochem Exam 2 > Lecture 19 and 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 19 and 20 Flashcards

1
Q

chronic eye disease that causes loss of vision in the center of your field of vision; marked by deterioration of the macula (center of retina); causes mass in eye blocking vision

A

macular degeneration

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2
Q

binds HIF-1 alpha in normal conditions which causes proteasomal degradation (ubiquitination)

A

pVHL

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3
Q

vascular systems forms in what 2 sites

A

blood islands of the yolk sac and in the embryo proper

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4
Q

____ is a required angiogenic growth factor

A

VEGF

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5
Q

T/F: VEGF is required for bone healing and fracture repair

A

True

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6
Q

an endothelial cell will sprout a new branch, pseudopodial processes guide the development of tha capillary sprout as it grows into the surrounding tissue, capillary sprout hollows out to form tube in

A

sprouting angiogenesis

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7
Q

process by which new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels that are formed in the early stages of vasuclogensis

A

angiogenesis

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8
Q

Powerful vasodilator within the vasculature with a very short half-life of a seconds. an intercellular messenger which activates guanylate cyclase which then mediates relaxation of smooth muscle via its second messenger (cyclic GMP)

A

NO: nitric oxide (gas)

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9
Q

is a naturally occurring, 20-kDa C-terminal fragment derived from type XVIII collagen. It is reported to serve as an anti-angiogenic agent, similar to angiostatin and thrombospondin

A

Endostatin

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10
Q

Critical signaling protein which stimulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Under normal conditions, acts to stimulate new blood vessels during embryonic development, after injury, in muscles following exercise, and to form new vessels to bypass blocked vessels (collateral circulation). In cancer, cancerous cells can express it under hypoxic conditions and stimulate angiogenesis which feeds tumor growth

A

VEGF—Vascular endothelial growth factor

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11
Q

embryonic formation of endothelial cells from the mesoderm layer; precursors to form new blood vessels in blood islands; often paired with angiogenesis; gives rise to the heart and the first primitive vascular plexus inside the embryo and in its surrounding membranes

A

vasculogenesis

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12
Q

protein complexes within cells whose purpose is to degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis

A

Proteasome

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13
Q

the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels; normal and vital process in growth and development, as well as in wound healing and in the formation of granulation tissue. However, it is also a fundamental step in the transition of tumors from a benign state to a malignant one,

A

Angiogenesis

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14
Q

a naturally occurring fragment of type XVIII collagen which has anti-angiogenic properties.

A

Endostatin

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15
Q

Ang-2 is released from ______ upon inflammatory stimulus

A

Weibel-Palade-bodies (WPB)

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16
Q

2 types of angiogenesis

A

sprouting and intussusceptive

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17
Q

reduced oxygen content relative to that of air

A

Hypoxia

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18
Q

very thin and composed of a single layer of endothelial cells; pericytes wrap around them

A

capillaries

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19
Q

tissues that have low nutrient and oxygen supply will produce signals (VEGF-A) that induces endothelial cells to secrete proteases that degrade their basement membranes and allow the endothelial cells to escape their original vessel walls. These cells continue to proliferate and form sprouts connecting neighboring vessels, guided by extending towards the source of the angiogenic signal

A

sprouting angiogenesis

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20
Q

peptides that constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure.

A

Endothelin

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21
Q

family of growth factors which stimulate angiogenesis, bind to TIE receptors which themselves are tyrosine kinases.

A

Angiopoietin

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22
Q

line the inside of all blood vessels, including capillaries, arteries, and arterioles. Provide the cells which form the sprouts for new branching blood vessels during angiogenesis

A

Endothelial cells

23
Q

is a 38 kDa fragment of a larger protein, plasmin (itself a fragment of plasminogen).

A

Angiostatin

24
Q

Ang-2 triggers sprouting angiogenesis in the presence of

A

VEGF and Tie2

25
Q

are a family of transcription factors that respond to changes in oxygen content in the local environment. Activation and degradation of these factors is tightly regulated by a sophisticated system of oxygen sensors. Some of the genes that are regulated by these transcription factors are VEGF, angiopoietin, and glycolytic enzymes which allow ATP synthesis in oxygen independent manner. interact with hypoxia response elements (HREs) to induce transcriptional activity.

A

HIF-1α—HIFs (hypoxia inducing factors)

26
Q

a tumor in the iris portion of the eye causes

A

wet form macular degeneration

27
Q

protein component of complex which possesses ubiquitin ligase E3 activity. This complex mediates ubiquitination which destines Hif-1alpha for degradation in proteasome.

A

Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor

28
Q

T/F: In hypoxic condition, pVHL is S-nitrosylated and is not recognized by HIF-alpha

A

True

29
Q

____ stimulates proliferation of pericytes and smooth muscle cells

A

PDGF

30
Q

benign highly proliferative lesions involving aberrant localized growth of capillary endothelium; most common tumor in infancy occuring in up to 10% of all babies; caused by germline mutations in TEM8 or VEGFR2 genes: blood capillaries where there doesn’t need to be

A

Hemangioma, hereditary capillary

31
Q

promotes vessel maturation by stimulating migration, adhesion, and survival of endothelial cells; maintains quiescent state

A

Angiopoietin 1 (Ang-1)

32
Q

____ induces sprouting angiogenesis

A

hypoxia

33
Q

In ______, HIF-1alpha is not hydroxylated and is not degraded and goes to the nucleus where it induces transcription VEGF, Ang, and other genes

A

hypoxia

34
Q

Can be caused by various pathologies. In our context here, leakage of fluid from growing blood vessels can cause _____ or swelling as this fluid accumulates in the interstitium

A

Edema

35
Q

cell surface receptors which bind and are activated by angiopoietins; tyrosine kinase receptors.

A

TIE or Tie receptors

36
Q

in hypoxia, HIF-1 alpha is translocated to the

A

nucleus and dimerizes with HIF-Beta for gene transcription

37
Q

are designed to prevent the formation of new blood vessels, thereby stopping or slowing the growth or spread of tumors; may have side effects that are different from those of other cancer treatments (bleeding, clots in arteries, hypertension, and protein in urine)

A

Angiogenesis inhibitors

38
Q

3 levels of control of VEGF-A

A

transcription, messenger RNA stability, and translation

39
Q

_______ is a key feature of tumor growth and a prime therapeutic target for anti-cancer therapies

A

angiogenesis

40
Q

when O2 conc drops, HIF-1 alpha acts as a stimulus trigger to induce the transcription of _____

A

VEGF

41
Q

primarily responsible for the generation of NO in the vascular endothelium, a monolayer of flat cells lining the interior surface of blood vessels, at the interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the remainder of the vessel wall; essential for a healthy cardiovascular system

A

eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase

42
Q

formation of new vessels by splitting a pre-existing vessel in two; aka splitting angiogenesis

A

intussusceptive angiogenesis

43
Q

post-translational modification of proteins at lysine side chains which dictates this protein will be degraded in the proteasome

A

Ubiquitination

44
Q

VEGF receptors are

A

receptor tyrosine kinases

45
Q

a naturally occurring inhibitor of angiogenesis currently undergoing clinical trials. Is a fragment of plasminogen, a protease found in blood.

A

Angiostatin

46
Q

de novo formation of blood vessels when there are no existing ones in the vicinity, e.g., during development or tissue growth.

A

Vasculogenesis

47
Q

formation of new blood vessels by splitting of an existing blood vessel in two. It allows a vast increase in the number of capillaries without a corresponding increase in the number of endothelial cells. This is especially important in embryonic development as there are not enough resources to create a rich microvasculature with new cells every time a new vessel develops

A

Intussusceptive angiogenesis

48
Q

angiogenesis inhibitors bind at 2 specific sites on ATP binding cleft

A

Type 1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Adenine region

Type 2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Hydrophobic region

49
Q

Flt and Flk. Both are membrane bound receptor tyrosine kinases

A

VEGF receptors

50
Q

formation of lymphatic vessels from pre-existing lymphatic vessels in a process similar to that of angiogenesis. Utilizes VEGF-C and VEGF-D (different forms than for angiogenesis) and VEGFR3 (different than receptors used for angiogenesis).

A

Lymphangiogenesis

51
Q

has different effects depending on the presence of VEGF, antagonist of Ang-1 and blocks its ability to bind to Tie-2 receptor; disrupts connections between the endothelium and perivascular cells; promotes neovascularization

A

Angiopoietin 2 (Ang-2)

52
Q

Inhibits platelet activation and is an effective vasodilator.

A

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

53
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoid

54
Q

T/F: Vasculogenesis/Angiogenesis is not absolutely required for successful fracture healing of bone

A

False

Biochem Exam 2 (10 decks)

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