Lecture 2.1, 2.2, 3

Question 1

Which macromolecule doesnt use covalent bonds? How do they interact?

Answer 1

Lipids, hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions

Question 2

what is the purpose of a polyssacharide

Answer 2

Energy, storage, etc

Question 3

what is the purpose of a proteins

Answer 3

catalyst, cellular structure

Question 4

what is the purpose of a nucleiotide

Answer 4

Building blocks of DNA, Building blocks of RNA – carrier of genetic information + structural
components of tRNA, ribosomes, spliceosomes etc
* Energy metabolism – ATP, GTP perform biochemical work
* Cellular signalling – second messengers in the form of cAMP

Question 5

What was the conclusion of the Strep. test?

Answer 5

That out of all the macromolecules, only the DNA was capable of changing the organism

Question 6

What is Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 6

A bacteria pathogen with a smooth and rough strain (like 2 diff versions of itself)

Question 7

Which is strain in the S. pneumoniae causes pneumonia?

Answer 7

The smooth strain

Question 8

How did the Strep. experiment work?

Answer 8

different macro molecules were extracted from the Smooth strain and inserted into the rough strain.

Question 9

What does it mean to purify the DNA in the strep test?

Answer 9

Done before extracting the DNA from the cell.
(ex: done before taking out the DNA from the smooth strain cells)

Question 10

CHAPTER 3 starts here

Question 11

AMP meaning

Answer 11

Adenosine monophosphate. Phosphoanhydride bonds are broken to make energy

Question 12

Which are the purines?

Answer 12

Larger molecules, guanine and adenosine

Question 13

What’s the difference betwee AMP and dAMPn

Answer 13

adenosine monophosphate vs. deoxymonophosphate

Question 14

Which are the pyrimidines?

Answer 14

Cytosine, thymine and uracil

Question 15

Difference between a deoxyribose vs. ribose?

Answer 15

OH group on the 2nd carbon isn’t present for the deoxyribose

Question 16

Which are purines vs. pyrminidines

Answer 16

Pyr. Pur.
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Tonight At
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Question 17

What are the 3 varients of DNA?

Answer 17

A,B,Z

Question 18

Which type of DNA is the most commonly used in our class?

Answer 18

B-DNA

Question 19

Which DNA thrives in less himid environments?

Answer 19

A DNA, survives in <75% humidity

Question 20

Which part of the DNA strand is upstream, vs. downstream?

Answer 20

Upstream: 5’ end
Downstream: 3’ end

Question 21

Why are there different types of DNA?

Answer 21

Because different DNA types are formed in different conditions. Change the condition=change the DNA type

Question 22

What is the difference between the minor and major groove of the DNA?

Answer 22

Minor groove= inner space between sugars of 1 base pair. Ex: riboses are
Major groove= outer space between the sugars

Question 23

What forces hold the DNA together?

Answer 23

Hydrogen bonding: connects nitrogenous bases
phosphoanhydride bonds: connects phosphate groups

Question 24

What discovery did Rosalind Franklin make?

Answer 24

produced picture of a DNA strand

Question 25

Length of 1 turn of DNA?

Answer 25

3.4nm

Question 26

Number of base pairs in 1 turn of DNA?

Answer 26

10

Question 27

Diameter of a DNA strand? (width)

Answer 27

2nm

Question 28

Which DNA is left handed?

Answer 28

Z DNA is the only left handed DNA

Question 29

According to Watson Crick's base pairing, what bonds connect the nitrogenous bases

Answer 29

hydrogen bonds

Question 30

What is hydrogen bonding?

Answer 30

Intermolecular Force between a hydrogen in one atom and N, O or F

Question 31

Nucleioside vs. nucleiotide?

Answer 31

Nucleioside = sugar + base Nucleiotide= sugar + base +phosphate group *think, nucleoside, phosphate group fell off to the side

Question 32

Name of the bond that connects the phosphate groups together?

Answer 32

phosphoanhydride bonds

Question 33

Which phosphate group produces the most energy?

Answer 33

Adenosine Triphospate, because 3 phosphates = 3 bond places to break

Question 34

What is a phosphoanhydride bond?

Answer 34

Bond between phosphate Phosphate of group 1 and oxygen of the phosphate group beside it group beside it

Question 35

Phosphodiester bond vs. phosphoanhydride bond?

Answer 35

Phosphodiester bond: connects phosphate to ribose ring Phosphoanhydride: oxygen from 1 phosphate group connects to phosphate in phosphate group 2

Question 36

How does adenine look

Answer 36

NH2 group attached

Question 37

AMP vs. dAMP?

Answer 37

adenosine monophosphate vs. deoxyadenosine monophosphate

Question 38

How does polymerization (making a polymer) of a DNA strand happen?

Answer 38

There are 2 nucleiotide OH attached to Carbon 3 of Nucleiotide 1 attaches to the 2nd phosphate of nucleiotide 2 Creates phosphodiester bond