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Whitney - Histology Test 2 > Lecture 20 Nervous Tissue II > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Nervous Tissue II Flashcards

1
Q

Glial Cells

A

Non-neuronal cells typically derived from embryonic neural crest tissue (except microglia)
“Glue Cells”

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2
Q

Where do Glial cells serve in various support functions?

A

In the PNS and esp. in the CNS

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3
Q

True or False:

Glial cells are capable of cell division under appropriate conditions.

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Types of Glial Cells

A 
Astrocytes 
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells
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5
Q

Astrocytes are derived from:

A

Neural crest (neuroepithelium)

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6
Q

Where are astrocytes found?

A

Only in the CNS

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7
Q

Astrocytes have numerous ________ with expanded feet (pedicles) that terminate on _____ or the ____ _____.

A

Have numerous PROCESSES

Terminate on CAPILLARIES or the PIA MATER

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8
Q

Fibrous astrocytes

A

Found predominately in white matter

Have long processes with few branches

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9
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes

A

Found predominantly in gray matter

Have short processes with many short branches

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10
Q

Name the functions of astrocytes

A 
Regulate composition of intercellular environment or entry or substances into it
Structural support
Blood-brain barrier 
Development of cerebral cortex
Potassium sink 
Secretion of neuron trophic factors
Uptake/metabolism of neurotransmitters 
Help form noncollagenous scar tissue after injury to CNS
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11
Q

Oligodendrocytes are derived from:

A

neural crest (neuroepithelium)

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12
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes found?

A

Only in CNS

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13
Q

Name the functions of Oligodendrocytes

A

Closely associated w/ neuron cell bodies in gray matter & function as satellite cells
Surround axons of unmyelinated fibers in gray matter
Myelinate axons in the CNS

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14
Q

Schwann cells are derived from:

A

neural crest

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15
Q

Function of Schwann Cells

A

Myelinate axons in the PNS - each one myelinates a section of a single axon

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16
Q

Microglial cells are derived from:

A

macrophage precursors (bone marrow)

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17
Q

Functions of Microglial Cells

A

Phagocytic in the PNS
Recruit leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier
Modulate initiation & progression of immune responses along with astrocytes

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18
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Ciliated cuboidal cells

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19
Q

Ependymal cells are derived from:

A

neuroepithelium

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20
Q

Where are ependymal cells found?

A

Found lining the ventricular system of the CNS

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21
Q

Functions of Ependymal Cells

A

Function in transport

In choroid plexus, may be principal cell type that secretes cerebrospinal fluid

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22
Q

Satellite cells are derived form:

A

neural crest

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23
Q

Satellite Cells Form:

A

moons (crescents) around cell bodies in ganglia

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24
Q

Function of Satellite Cells

A

Function as insulators

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25
Q

Myelination of the PNS

A

Schwann cell plasma membrane wraps around axon

Schwann cell cytoplasm is “squeezed” out, leaving behind concentric layers of membranes

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26
Q

Internal and External Mesaxon of Myelinated layer

A

Outer and innermost points of fusion between the outer leaflets (extracellular leaflets)

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27
Q

Intraperiod Line of Myelinated Layer

A

Electron-dense line created by extracellular space between adjacent outer leaflets
Major protein zero (PNS)

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28
Q

Major dense lines of myelinated layer

A

Electron-dense line created by cytoplasmic space remnant between adjacent leaflets
Myelin basic protein (found in PNS)

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29
Q

Major protein zero

A

Transmem. protein that forms homodimers
Only in the PNS
Homodimers form homotetramers w/ opposing outer leaflets
Cyto. domains may have signaling function
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
See slide 21

30
Q

Myelin basic protein

A

Found in PNS & CNS
Abundant protein associated w/ inner leaflets
May function to stabilize lipid in the leaflet
Number of forms created by splicing of a single gene
See slide 21

31
Q

Schmidt-Lanterman Clefts (incisures)

A

Residual areas of cytoplasm within the major dense lines

32
Q

Components of the Presynaptic Membrane

A

V-gated calcium channels
SNAPs bind synaptic vesicles to presynaptic membrane
Vesicle docking proteins
Syapsins

33
Q

SNAPs

A 
Souluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein)
Found in cytosol of terminal
34
Q

Vesicle docking proteins

A

SNAP receptors found in presynaptic and synaptic vesicular membranes

35
Q

Synapsins

A

Filaments in the presynaptic membrane

36
Q

Component of postsynaptic membrane

A

Neurotransmitter receptors

37
Q

Types of Synapses

A 
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic
Axodendritic
Axospinous 
Excitatory 
Inhibitory
38
Q

Axosomatic Synapses

A

Axon terminal synapses with the neuron cell body

39
Q

Axoaxonic Synapses

A

Axon terminal synapses with another axon terminal

40
Q

Axodendritic Synapses

A

Axon terminal synapses with a dendrite

41
Q

Axospinous Synapses

A

Axon terminal synapses with dendritic spine

42
Q

Excitatory Synapses

A

More positive end-plate potential (closer to threshold)

43
Q

Inhibitory Synapses

A

More negative end-plate potential (farther from threshold)

44
Q

Meninges and Spaces from Superficial to Deep:

A

Epidural space (absent around brain)
Dura Mater
Subdural Space
Leptomeninx (Arachnoid membrane, arachnoid villi, pia mater)

45
Q

Describe the dura mater

A

“tough mother”

Tough, thick sheet of dense fibrous CT

46
Q

Describe the dura mater around the cranial cavity

A

Lines the inside of the cranial vault bone and serves as the periosteum

47
Q

Describe the dura meter around the spinal cord

A

Forms a CT tube that is separated from the bone or the vertebral foramina by a space referred to as the epidural space

48
Q

What is within the dura mater?

A

Large, endothelial-lined venous sinuses that receive blood from the cerebral drainage as well as cerebrospinal fluid via arachnoid villi

49
Q

What separates the dura mater from the subdural space?

A

A layer of dural border cells

50
Q

Describe the Arachnoid

A

Meninx composed of delicate CT

51
Q

Describe the outer layer of the arachnoid

A

Faces the subdural space and is made up of a single layer of arachnoid barrier cells

52
Q

How is the arachnoid attached to the underlying pia mater?

A

By delicate strands of CT called arachnoid trabeculae

53
Q

The spaces between the arachnoid and the pia mater are collectively referred to as the ______ ______

A

Subarachnoid space

54
Q

What fills the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

55
Q

Describe Arachnoid Villi

A

Made up of arachnoid barrier cells
Extend from the outer surface of the arachnoid into the overlying venous sinuses of the dura mater
Allow cerebrospinal fluid to flow form the subarachnoid space into the dural sinuses

56
Q

Describe Pia Mater

A

Thin, delicate sheet of CT that lies directly on the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord
Follows the contours of the brain and dips into the sulci, lining them well

57
Q

Describe the relationship of pia mater CT and perivascular CT of cerebral and spinal cord BVs.

A

The CT of pia mater is continuous with the perivascular CT

58
Q

Describe how the pia mater is attached to the brain and spinal cord.

A

Pia mater is very tightly attached to the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord and cannot be removed w/out damaging the nervous tissue

59
Q

What are perivasular spaces?

A

Tunnels covered with pia mater

60
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Highly infolded simple cuboidal epithelium that extend into the ventricles from the roof plate

61
Q

How are cuboidal cells of the choroid plexus linked?

A

Linked by tight junctions which form part of the cerebrospinal fluid barrier

62
Q

What do the apical microvilli and infolding of basal membranes with mitochondria in the choroid plexus indicate?

A

Indicate active transport mechanisms

63
Q

Describe the capillaries in the choroid plexus

A

Formed from endothelial cells and lack tight junctions

Fenestrated (leaky)

64
Q

___,___,_____ pumps in the apical membranes of the choroid plexus cells pump fluid into the ventricular lumen causing a flow of ____, _____, and _____ from the capillaries through the choroid plexus epithelium into the ventricles –> CSF

A

Na+, K+, ATPase pump

Water, solutes, and proteins

65
Q

Ependyma

A

Layer of simple cuboidal epithelium that lines the ventricular walls

66
Q

Describe the cuboidal epithelial cells of the ependyma.

A

Linked by zonula adherens and have apical microvilli, cilia, and abundant microvilli

67
Q

Describe the basal domains of the ependymal cells

A

In contact with astrocytic processes, forming the glia limitans, which is part of the blood-brain barrier

68
Q

The basal domains of the ependymal cells are in contact with astrocytic processes. These astrocytes send processes to the surrounding ______ ______, which is part of the blood-brain barrier.

A

Non-fenestrated capillaries

69
Q

Describe Tanycytes in the third ventricle

A

Tightly linked to the adjacent ependymal cells and send processes through the glia limitans to form end-foot processes on underlying BVs

70
Q

Characteristics of the Sensory (Dorsal Root) Ganglia

A

Capsule of CT (epineurium)
Clustered pseudounipolar neurons lies within the capsule
Postganglionic axons are myelinated
Satellite Cells

71
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Similar to Schwann cells & derived from neural crest
Form single layer around cell body of each neuron
Surfaces of cells facing away from neurons are in contact with basal lamina

72
Q

Characteristics of Autonomic Ganglia

A

Capsule of epineurium
Clustered multipolar neurons (receive input from myelinated preganglionic neurons.)
Postganglionic axons are not myelinated
Satellite cells (similar to those in dorsal root ganglia but less numerous)

Whitney - Histology Test 2 (11 decks)

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