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Whitney - Histology Test 2 > Lecture 20 Nervous Tissue II > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Nervous Tissue II Flashcards

1
Q

Glial Cells

A

Non-neuronal cells typically derived from embryonic neural crest tissue (except microglia)
“Glue Cells”

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2
Q

Where do Glial cells serve in various support functions?

A

In the PNS and esp. in the CNS

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3
Q

True or False:

Glial cells are capable of cell division under appropriate conditions.

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Types of Glial Cells

A 
Astrocytes 
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells
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5
Q

Astrocytes are derived from:

A

Neural crest (neuroepithelium)

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6
Q

Where are astrocytes found?

A

Only in the CNS

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7
Q

Astrocytes have numerous ________ with expanded feet (pedicles) that terminate on _____ or the ____ _____.

A

Have numerous PROCESSES

Terminate on CAPILLARIES or the PIA MATER

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8
Q

Fibrous astrocytes

A

Found predominately in white matter

Have long processes with few branches

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9
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes

A

Found predominantly in gray matter

Have short processes with many short branches

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10
Q

Name the functions of astrocytes

A 
Regulate composition of intercellular environment or entry or substances into it
Structural support
Blood-brain barrier 
Development of cerebral cortex
Potassium sink 
Secretion of neuron trophic factors
Uptake/metabolism of neurotransmitters 
Help form noncollagenous scar tissue after injury to CNS
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11
Q

Oligodendrocytes are derived from:

A

neural crest (neuroepithelium)

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12
Q

Where are oligodendrocytes found?

A

Only in CNS

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13
Q

Name the functions of Oligodendrocytes

A

Closely associated w/ neuron cell bodies in gray matter & function as satellite cells
Surround axons of unmyelinated fibers in gray matter
Myelinate axons in the CNS

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14
Q

Schwann cells are derived from:

A

neural crest

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15
Q

Function of Schwann Cells

A

Myelinate axons in the PNS - each one myelinates a section of a single axon

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16
Q

Microglial cells are derived from:

A

macrophage precursors (bone marrow)

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17
Q

Functions of Microglial Cells

A

Phagocytic in the PNS
Recruit leukocytes across the blood-brain barrier
Modulate initiation & progression of immune responses along with astrocytes

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18
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Ciliated cuboidal cells

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19
Q

Ependymal cells are derived from:

A

neuroepithelium

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20
Q

Where are ependymal cells found?

A

Found lining the ventricular system of the CNS

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21
Q

Functions of Ependymal Cells

A

Function in transport

In choroid plexus, may be principal cell type that secretes cerebrospinal fluid

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22
Q

Satellite cells are derived form:

A

neural crest

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23
Q

Satellite Cells Form:

A

moons (crescents) around cell bodies in ganglia

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24
Q

Function of Satellite Cells

A

Function as insulators

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25
Myelination of the PNS
Schwann cell plasma membrane wraps around axon | Schwann cell cytoplasm is "squeezed" out, leaving behind concentric layers of membranes
26
Internal and External Mesaxon of Myelinated layer
Outer and innermost points of fusion between the outer leaflets (extracellular leaflets)
27
Intraperiod Line of Myelinated Layer
Electron-dense line created by extracellular space between adjacent outer leaflets Major protein zero (PNS)
28
Major dense lines of myelinated layer
Electron-dense line created by cytoplasmic space remnant between adjacent leaflets Myelin basic protein (found in PNS)
29
Major protein zero
Transmem. protein that forms homodimers Only in the PNS Homodimers form homotetramers w/ opposing outer leaflets Cyto. domains may have signaling function Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease See slide 21
30
Myelin basic protein
Found in PNS & CNS Abundant protein associated w/ inner leaflets May function to stabilize lipid in the leaflet Number of forms created by splicing of a single gene See slide 21
31
Schmidt-Lanterman Clefts (incisures)
Residual areas of cytoplasm within the major dense lines
32
Components of the Presynaptic Membrane
V-gated calcium channels SNAPs bind synaptic vesicles to presynaptic membrane Vesicle docking proteins Syapsins
33
SNAPs
``` Souluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein) Found in cytosol of terminal ```
34
Vesicle docking proteins
SNAP receptors found in presynaptic and synaptic vesicular membranes
35
Synapsins
Filaments in the presynaptic membrane
36
Component of postsynaptic membrane
Neurotransmitter receptors
37
Types of Synapses
``` Axosomatic Axoaxonic Axodendritic Axospinous Excitatory Inhibitory ```
38
Axosomatic Synapses
Axon terminal synapses with the neuron cell body
39
Axoaxonic Synapses
Axon terminal synapses with another axon terminal
40
Axodendritic Synapses
Axon terminal synapses with a dendrite
41
Axospinous Synapses
Axon terminal synapses with dendritic spine
42
Excitatory Synapses
More positive end-plate potential (closer to threshold)
43
Inhibitory Synapses
More negative end-plate potential (farther from threshold)
44
Meninges and Spaces from Superficial to Deep:
Epidural space (absent around brain) Dura Mater Subdural Space Leptomeninx (Arachnoid membrane, arachnoid villi, pia mater)
45
Describe the dura mater
"tough mother" | Tough, thick sheet of dense fibrous CT
46
Describe the dura mater around the cranial cavity
Lines the inside of the cranial vault bone and serves as the periosteum
47
Describe the dura meter around the spinal cord
Forms a CT tube that is separated from the bone or the vertebral foramina by a space referred to as the epidural space
48
What is within the dura mater?
Large, endothelial-lined venous sinuses that receive blood from the cerebral drainage as well as cerebrospinal fluid via arachnoid villi
49
What separates the dura mater from the subdural space?
A layer of dural border cells
50
Describe the Arachnoid
Meninx composed of delicate CT
51
Describe the outer layer of the arachnoid
Faces the subdural space and is made up of a single layer of arachnoid barrier cells
52
How is the arachnoid attached to the underlying pia mater?
By delicate strands of CT called arachnoid trabeculae
53
The spaces between the arachnoid and the pia mater are collectively referred to as the ______ ______
Subarachnoid space
54
What fills the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid
55
Describe Arachnoid Villi
Made up of arachnoid barrier cells Extend from the outer surface of the arachnoid into the overlying venous sinuses of the dura mater Allow cerebrospinal fluid to flow form the subarachnoid space into the dural sinuses
56
Describe Pia Mater
Thin, delicate sheet of CT that lies directly on the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord Follows the contours of the brain and dips into the sulci, lining them well
57
Describe the relationship of pia mater CT and perivascular CT of cerebral and spinal cord BVs.
The CT of pia mater is continuous with the perivascular CT
58
Describe how the pia mater is attached to the brain and spinal cord.
Pia mater is very tightly attached to the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord and cannot be removed w/out damaging the nervous tissue
59
What are perivasular spaces?
Tunnels covered with pia mater
60
Choroid Plexus
Highly infolded simple cuboidal epithelium that extend into the ventricles from the roof plate
61
How are cuboidal cells of the choroid plexus linked?
Linked by tight junctions which form part of the cerebrospinal fluid barrier
62
What do the apical microvilli and infolding of basal membranes with mitochondria in the choroid plexus indicate?
Indicate active transport mechanisms
63
Describe the capillaries in the choroid plexus
Formed from endothelial cells and lack tight junctions | Fenestrated (leaky)
64
___,___,_____ pumps in the apical membranes of the choroid plexus cells pump fluid into the ventricular lumen causing a flow of ____, _____, and _____ from the capillaries through the choroid plexus epithelium into the ventricles --> CSF
Na+, K+, ATPase pump | Water, solutes, and proteins
65
Ependyma
Layer of simple cuboidal epithelium that lines the ventricular walls
66
Describe the cuboidal epithelial cells of the ependyma.
Linked by zonula adherens and have apical microvilli, cilia, and abundant microvilli
67
Describe the basal domains of the ependymal cells
In contact with astrocytic processes, forming the glia limitans, which is part of the blood-brain barrier
68
The basal domains of the ependymal cells are in contact with astrocytic processes. These astrocytes send processes to the surrounding ______ ______, which is part of the blood-brain barrier.
Non-fenestrated capillaries
69
Describe Tanycytes in the third ventricle
Tightly linked to the adjacent ependymal cells and send processes through the glia limitans to form end-foot processes on underlying BVs
70
Characteristics of the Sensory (Dorsal Root) Ganglia
Capsule of CT (epineurium) Clustered pseudounipolar neurons lies within the capsule Postganglionic axons are myelinated Satellite Cells
71
Satellite Cells
Similar to Schwann cells & derived from neural crest Form single layer around cell body of each neuron Surfaces of cells facing away from neurons are in contact with basal lamina
72
Characteristics of Autonomic Ganglia
Capsule of epineurium Clustered multipolar neurons (receive input from myelinated preganglionic neurons.) Postganglionic axons are not myelinated Satellite cells (similar to those in dorsal root ganglia but less numerous)

Whitney - Histology Test 2 (11 decks)

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