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Whitney - Histology Test 2 > Lecture 15 Blood and Hemostasis > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Blood and Hemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What % of the body’s total weight is blood?

A

8%f

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2
Q

What is the pH range of blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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3
Q

Plasma

A

Blood minus the formed elements

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4
Q

Serum

A

Plasma without the blood-clotting proteins

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5
Q

Name the three layers in heparinized and centrifuged blood

A

Supernatant (plasma)
Buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets)
Precipitate (sedimented red blood cells)

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6
Q

Hematocrit

A

Measure of what fraction of blood is made up of RBCs

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7
Q

Compare Male and Female Blood
Volume
Formed Elements
Hematocrit

A

F vs. M
4-5 L —– 5-6 L
38-48% —— 44-54% Formed elements
42% —– 47% Hematocrit

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8
Q

Name the three blood proteins

A

Fibrinogens
Albumins
Globulins - Immunoglobulins

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9
Q

What blood proteins are made in the liver?

A

Fibrinogens and Albumins

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10
Q

What is the function of Fibrinogen?

A

Function in blood clotting

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11
Q

What is the function of Albumin?

A

Exert major osmotic pressure on blood vessel walls

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12
Q

Which blood protein is targeted by thrombin?

A

Fibrinogen

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13
Q

Erythropoietin increases the number of what?

A

Erythrocytes

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14
Q

What produces erythropoietin?

A

The Kidney

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15
Q

Describe an erythrocyte and name is major contents

A

Devoid of granules and organelles

Major contents: Lipids, ATP, Carbonic anhydrase, Hemoglobin

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16
Q

Describe the proteins of an erythrocyte

A

50% = integral membrane proteins

Peripheral proteins: Spectrin and Actin (bond via ankyrin)

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17
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis

A

Red blood cells are spheroidal, less rigid, and subject to destruction in the spleen.
Caused by cytoskeletal abnormalities involving sites of interactions between spectrin alpha & beta and protein4.1

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18
Q

Why are erythrocytes useful in studies of the cortical cytoskeleton?

A

No nucleus or organelles, so plasma membrane & associated proteins are easily isolated
Also lacks other cytoskeletal components, so cortical cytoskeleton is principal determinant of cell shape

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19
Q

What is the major structural protein of erythrocytes?

A

Spectrin

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20
Q

What family does Spectrin belong to?

A

Member of the calponin family of actin-binding proteins

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21
Q

Describe Spectrin and the network it forms

A

Spectrin is a tetramer of 2 polypeptide chains (a and b)

The end of the spectrin tetramers associate with short actin filaments resulting in the spectrin-actin network

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22
Q

What does Ankyrin do?

A

Links the specrtin-actin network and the plasma membrane by binding to spectrin and a transmembrane protein (band 3)

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23
Q

What does Protein 4.1 do?

A

Another link that binds spectrin-actin junctions and the transmembrane protein glycophorin

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24
Q

What is another name for a Neutrophil?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte

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25
Q

Name the characteristics of a neutrophil

A 
3-5 nuclear lobes
Active amoeboid phagocytes
Small, numerous specific granules
Larger, less numerous azurophilic granules
Remain in circulation for 10-12 hours
Live 1-2 days after leaving circulation
Secrete a class of enzymes
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26
Q

What type of enzymes do neutrophils secrete?

A

Enzymes capable of destroying certain bacteria by formation of free radicals (superoxide) as well as the release of lysozyme and lactoferrin which destroy bacterial walls

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27
Q

Name the characteristics of a Basophil

A 
Lobulated nucleus (bilobed)
Large, membrane bound basophilic granules
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28
Q

What do the large, membrane bound basophilic granules of a basophil contain?

A

Contain Vasoactive substances: Serotonin, Heparin, and Kallikrein
Can produce leukotrienes

29
Q

What is heparin?

A

Anticoagulant

30
Q

What does Kallikrein do?

A

Attracts eosinophils

31
Q

What do leukotrienes do?

A

Increase vascular permeability

Slow contraction of smooth muscle

32
Q

Name the characteristics of Eosinophils

A

Bilobed nucleus
Specific granules
Respond in allergic diseases and parasitic infections
Phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes and parasites

33
Q

What are the specific granules of a eosinophil?

A

Major basic protein (MBP)
Peroxidase
Cationic protein

34
Q

What does Major Basic Protein (MBP) do?

A

Disrupts parasite membranes

Causes basophils to release histamine

35
Q

What does Cationic Protein do?

A

Neutralizes heparin and is anti-parasitic

36
Q

What does Eosinophil Peroxidase do?

A

Binds to microorganisms and facilitates their killing by macrophages

37
Q

Name the characteristics of Lymphocytes

A

Large round, sometimes slightly indented nucleus; fills most of the cell
Variable in size
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

38
Q

What are B lymphocytes?

A

Precursors of plasma cells

39
Q

What are T lymphocytes?

A

Precursors of T lymphocytes

40
Q

Name the characteristics of a Monocyte

A

Largest leukocyte
Eccentrically located, kidney-shaped nucleus
Granular cytoplasm due to small lysosomes
Precursor of macrophages and osteoclasts

41
Q

What are Platelets derived from?

A

Megakaryocytes

42
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A

Enhance aggregation by release of factors, and promote clot formation, retraction, and dissolution
Repair damage to endothelium by forming platelet plug

43
Q

The adhesion of platelets involves what?

A

Integrins

44
Q

Platelets release ______ which increases platelet aggregation

A

Thromboxane

45
Q

Endothelial cells release ______ which decreases platelet aggregation

A

Prostacyclin

46
Q

Define Hemostasis

A

The elimination of bleeding

47
Q

Define Hematoma

A

Accumulation of blood in tissues

48
Q

Hemostatic sequence of events (in small vessels):

A 
Constriction of smooth muscle around vessels
Constriction of vessels
Slowing of blood
Formation of platelet plug
Blood clotting (coagulation)
49
Q

Review formation of platelet plug

A

Slides 37-38

50
Q

Review blood clotting

A

Slides 39-43

51
Q

What are the two different cascade sequences that lead to the common pathway?

A

Intrinsic and Extrinsic

52
Q

Briefly summarize the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

A

In the intrinsic pathway, everything necessary for it to occur is already within the blood.
In the extrinsic pathway, the formation of a tissue factor (thromboplastin) is necessary

53
Q

Draw out the intrinsic pathway

A

Picture will be added soon

See slide 50

54
Q

Draw out the extrinsic pathway

A

Picture will be added soon

See slide 52

55
Q

Draw out the common pathway

A

Picture will be added soon

See slide 54

56
Q

Where are most of the clotting factors synthesized?

A

The liver

57
Q

What vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of factors VII, IX, and X?

A

Vitamin K

58
Q

What activates the homing mechanism?

A

Cytokines released by mast cells, platelets, and damaged tissue cells

59
Q

What is released by endothelial cells and responsible for increasing vascular permeability?

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

60
Q

What are the two phases involving cellular adhesion molecules?

A

Selectin Phase

Integrin Phase

61
Q

What are Sialyl Lewis-x antigens?

A

Oligosaccharide ligands for P-selectin binding found on leukocyte membranes

62
Q

Summarize the Selectin Phase

A

P-selectins appear on cell surface when endothelial cells are activated by inflammatory signaling
Oligosaccharide ligands on leukocytes bind to carb. recognition domains (CDRs) on the P-selectins
Binding of ligands to P-selectins causes leukocytes to roll along endothelium

63
Q

Where are P-selectins from?

A

Weibel-Palade bodies

64
Q

Summarize the Integrin Phase

A

Integrin receptors activated on leukocyte membrane (bind to ICAM-1 & ICAM-2 on endothelial cells)
Integrins B1 & B2 activated on leukocyte membrane & bind VCAM & ICAM on endothelial cell membranes
Integrins interacting w/ endothelial ligands promote transendothelial migration of leukocytes

65
Q

What is Erythroblastosis Fetalis?

A

Antibody-induced hemolytic disease in the newborn that is caused by blood group incompatibility between mother and fetus

66
Q

What are the particular blood group antigens of interest in Erythroblastosis Fetalis?

A

ABO and Rh blood group antigens

67
Q

What antigen is the major cause of Rh incompatibility?

A

D antigen

68
Q

Why is the first Rh positive pregnancy not affected?

A

Because IgM is produced and IgM is too large to cross the placental barrier. With the later pregnancies, IgG is produced and IgG can cross the placenta

Whitney - Histology Test 2 (11 decks)

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