Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Whitney - Histology Test 2 > Lecture 15 Blood and Hemostasis > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Blood and Hemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What % of the body’s total weight is blood?

A

8%f

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the pH range of blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Plasma

A

Blood minus the formed elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Serum

A

Plasma without the blood-clotting proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the three layers in heparinized and centrifuged blood

A

Supernatant (plasma)
Buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets)
Precipitate (sedimented red blood cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hematocrit

A

Measure of what fraction of blood is made up of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Compare Male and Female Blood
Volume
Formed Elements
Hematocrit

A

F vs. M
4-5 L —– 5-6 L
38-48% —— 44-54% Formed elements
42% —– 47% Hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the three blood proteins

A

Fibrinogens
Albumins
Globulins - Immunoglobulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What blood proteins are made in the liver?

A

Fibrinogens and Albumins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of Fibrinogen?

A

Function in blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of Albumin?

A

Exert major osmotic pressure on blood vessel walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which blood protein is targeted by thrombin?

A

Fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Erythropoietin increases the number of what?

A

Erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What produces erythropoietin?

A

The Kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe an erythrocyte and name is major contents

A

Devoid of granules and organelles

Major contents: Lipids, ATP, Carbonic anhydrase, Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the proteins of an erythrocyte

A

50% = integral membrane proteins

Peripheral proteins: Spectrin and Actin (bond via ankyrin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis

A

Red blood cells are spheroidal, less rigid, and subject to destruction in the spleen.
Caused by cytoskeletal abnormalities involving sites of interactions between spectrin alpha & beta and protein4.1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why are erythrocytes useful in studies of the cortical cytoskeleton?

A

No nucleus or organelles, so plasma membrane & associated proteins are easily isolated
Also lacks other cytoskeletal components, so cortical cytoskeleton is principal determinant of cell shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the major structural protein of erythrocytes?

A

Spectrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What family does Spectrin belong to?

A

Member of the calponin family of actin-binding proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe Spectrin and the network it forms

A

Spectrin is a tetramer of 2 polypeptide chains (a and b)

The end of the spectrin tetramers associate with short actin filaments resulting in the spectrin-actin network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does Ankyrin do?

A

Links the specrtin-actin network and the plasma membrane by binding to spectrin and a transmembrane protein (band 3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Protein 4.1 do?

A

Another link that binds spectrin-actin junctions and the transmembrane protein glycophorin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is another name for a Neutrophil?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Name the characteristics of a neutrophil
``` 3-5 nuclear lobes Active amoeboid phagocytes Small, numerous specific granules Larger, less numerous azurophilic granules Remain in circulation for 10-12 hours Live 1-2 days after leaving circulation Secrete a class of enzymes ```
26
What type of enzymes do neutrophils secrete?
Enzymes capable of destroying certain bacteria by formation of free radicals (superoxide) as well as the release of lysozyme and lactoferrin which destroy bacterial walls
27
Name the characteristics of a Basophil
``` Lobulated nucleus (bilobed) Large, membrane bound basophilic granules ```
28
What do the large, membrane bound basophilic granules of a basophil contain?
Contain Vasoactive substances: Serotonin, Heparin, and Kallikrein Can produce leukotrienes
29
What is heparin?
Anticoagulant
30
What does Kallikrein do?
Attracts eosinophils
31
What do leukotrienes do?
Increase vascular permeability | Slow contraction of smooth muscle
32
Name the characteristics of Eosinophils
Bilobed nucleus Specific granules Respond in allergic diseases and parasitic infections Phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes and parasites
33
What are the specific granules of a eosinophil?
Major basic protein (MBP) Peroxidase Cationic protein
34
What does Major Basic Protein (MBP) do?
Disrupts parasite membranes | Causes basophils to release histamine
35
What does Cationic Protein do?
Neutralizes heparin and is anti-parasitic
36
What does Eosinophil Peroxidase do?
Binds to microorganisms and facilitates their killing by macrophages
37
Name the characteristics of Lymphocytes
Large round, sometimes slightly indented nucleus; fills most of the cell Variable in size B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
38
What are B lymphocytes?
Precursors of plasma cells
39
What are T lymphocytes?
Precursors of T lymphocytes
40
Name the characteristics of a Monocyte
Largest leukocyte Eccentrically located, kidney-shaped nucleus Granular cytoplasm due to small lysosomes Precursor of macrophages and osteoclasts
41
What are Platelets derived from?
Megakaryocytes
42
What are the functions of platelets?
Enhance aggregation by release of factors, and promote clot formation, retraction, and dissolution Repair damage to endothelium by forming platelet plug
43
The adhesion of platelets involves what?
Integrins
44
Platelets release ______ which increases platelet aggregation
Thromboxane
45
Endothelial cells release ______ which decreases platelet aggregation
Prostacyclin
46
Define Hemostasis
The elimination of bleeding
47
Define Hematoma
Accumulation of blood in tissues
48
Hemostatic sequence of events (in small vessels):
``` Constriction of smooth muscle around vessels Constriction of vessels Slowing of blood Formation of platelet plug Blood clotting (coagulation) ```
49
Review formation of platelet plug
Slides 37-38
50
Review blood clotting
Slides 39-43
51
What are the two different cascade sequences that lead to the common pathway?
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
52
Briefly summarize the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
In the intrinsic pathway, everything necessary for it to occur is already within the blood. In the extrinsic pathway, the formation of a tissue factor (thromboplastin) is necessary
53
Draw out the intrinsic pathway
Picture will be added soon | See slide 50
54
Draw out the extrinsic pathway
Picture will be added soon | See slide 52
55
Draw out the common pathway
Picture will be added soon | See slide 54
56
Where are most of the clotting factors synthesized?
The liver
57
What vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of factors VII, IX, and X?
Vitamin K
58
What activates the homing mechanism?
Cytokines released by mast cells, platelets, and damaged tissue cells
59
What is released by endothelial cells and responsible for increasing vascular permeability?
Nitric oxide (NO)
60
What are the two phases involving cellular adhesion molecules?
Selectin Phase | Integrin Phase
61
What are Sialyl Lewis-x antigens?
Oligosaccharide ligands for P-selectin binding found on leukocyte membranes
62
Summarize the Selectin Phase
P-selectins appear on cell surface when endothelial cells are activated by inflammatory signaling Oligosaccharide ligands on leukocytes bind to carb. recognition domains (CDRs) on the P-selectins Binding of ligands to P-selectins causes leukocytes to roll along endothelium
63
Where are P-selectins from?
Weibel-Palade bodies
64
Summarize the Integrin Phase
Integrin receptors activated on leukocyte membrane (bind to ICAM-1 & ICAM-2 on endothelial cells) Integrins B1 & B2 activated on leukocyte membrane & bind VCAM & ICAM on endothelial cell membranes Integrins interacting w/ endothelial ligands promote transendothelial migration of leukocytes
65
What is Erythroblastosis Fetalis?
Antibody-induced hemolytic disease in the newborn that is caused by blood group incompatibility between mother and fetus
66
What are the particular blood group antigens of interest in Erythroblastosis Fetalis?
ABO and Rh blood group antigens
67
What antigen is the major cause of Rh incompatibility?
D antigen
68
Why is the first Rh positive pregnancy not affected?
Because IgM is produced and IgM is too large to cross the placental barrier. With the later pregnancies, IgG is produced and IgG can cross the placenta

Whitney - Histology Test 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions