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Whitney - Histology Test 2 > Lecture 16 Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

List the characteristics of Stem Cells

A

May proliferate extremely well
Self-renewing
May differentiate into several (at least 2) different cell-types
May reconstitute tissues after injury

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2
Q

Define Totipotent Cells

A

Give rise to all cells of an organism, including embryonic and extraembryonic tissues (cells which support embryonic development)

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3
Q

Define Pluripotent Cells

A

Give rise to all cells of the embryo and subsequently adult tissues (embryonic stem cells

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4
Q

Define Multipotent Cells

A

Give rise to different cell types of a given lineage (adult stem cells)

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5
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells derived from?

A

Inner-cell mass of blastocyst

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6
Q

What is the developmental capacity of an embryonic stem cell?

A

Pluripotent, differentiate to all cell lineages

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7
Q

Where do adult stem cells come from?

A

Harvested from mature organs/tissues (bone marrow)

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8
Q

What is the developmental capacity of an embryonic stem cell?

A

Multipotent

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9
Q

Describe the hematopoietic sites during weeks 2-8 of gestation

A

Islands of hematopoiesis (blood islands) found in yolk sac wall
Give rise to nucleated erythrocytes
No leukocytes form during this phase

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10
Q

Describe the hematopoietic sites during week 8-28 of gestation

A

Hematopoiesis first occurs in liver and then spleen

Normally ceases around time of birth

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11
Q

Describe hematopoietic sites during six weeks gestation to birth and beyond

A

Hematopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow

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12
Q

_______ is the source of all blood cells

A

Red marrow

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13
Q

Prior to puberty, where does red marrow exist?

A

Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, clavicles, pelvis, long bones

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14
Q

After puberty, where does red marrow exist?

A

Same as before, except long bones

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15
Q

Describe Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

A

In certain disease states, blood cell formation may occur in liver and spleen

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16
Q

In time, most marrow is converted to yellow marrow, and red marrow is usually restricted to where?

A

Sternum and iliac crests

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17
Q

Describe the stroma of bone marrow

A

Contains fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipose cells, & endothelial cells
Synthesizes & secretes hematopoietic growth factors

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18
Q

Describe the parenchyma of bone marrow

A

Consists of various lineages of hematopoietic cells in different stages of differentiation

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19
Q

Describe the sinusoids of bone marrow

A

Endothelial-lined spaces that connect arterial & venous vessels
Provides access for mature blood cells to move into the circulation

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20
Q

Describe the hematopoietic cords of the bone marrow

A

Bands of parenchyma and stroma lying between the sinusoids

Where the actual blood cell formation is occurring

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21
Q

What is the distribution of hematopoietic cells?

A

60% in granulocytopoiesis
30% in erythrocytopoiesis
10% in thrombocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, and lymphocytopoiesis

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22
Q

Myeloid/erythroid ratio

A

Total volume of cells in granulocytopoiesis/total volume of cells in erythrocytopoiesis

23
Q

Name the characteristics of hematopoietic stem cells

A

Pluripotent
Can self-renew
Produce two kinds of multipotent precursor cells
Cannot be identified by morphology but can be recognized by cell surface markers

24
Q

What are the two multipotential precursor cells produced by hematopoietic stem cells?

A

Myeloid stem cells

Lymphoid stem cells

25
Q

What do myeloid stem cells give rise to?

A

All blood cell lines except lymphocytes

26
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

Lymphocytes

27
Q

What are the five kinds of colony-forming units that myeloid stem cells give rise to?

A 
Erythroid CFU (from myeloid, but prod. RBCs)
Megakaryocyte CFU (from myeloid, prod. RBCs)
Basophil CFU (white blood cells)
Eosinophil CFU (white blood cells)
Granulocyte-Macrophage CFU (white BCs)
28
Q

Lymphoid Stem Cells give rise to what two kinds of cell lines?

A

T-cell progenitor

B-cel progenitor

29
Q

Where do T-cell progenitor cells mature?

A

In the Thymus

30
Q

Where do B-cell progenitor cells mature?

A

In the Bone Marrow

31
Q

List the series for Granulocyte-Macrophage CFU (macrophage series)

A

Monoblast - can divide
Promonocyte
Monocyte - normally found in circulation
Macrophage

32
Q

List the series for Granulocyte-Macrophage CFU (neutrophil series)

A 
Myeloblast - can divide 
Promyelocyte - can divide
Myelocyte - can divide 
Metamyelocyte 
Band Cell - found in circulation 
Neutrophil - found in circulation
33
Q

List the series for Eosinophil and Basophil CFU

A 
Myeloblast - can divide 
Promyelocyte - can divide 
Myelocyte - can divide 
Metamyelocyte 
Band cell - found in circulation 
Eosinophil or Basophil (becomes mast cell) - found in circulation
34
Q

List the series for the Megakaryocyte CFU

A

Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Platelets - found in circulation

35
Q

List the series for Erythroid CFU

A 
Proerythroblast - can divide 
Basophilic erythroblast - can divide 
Polychromatophilic erythroblast - can divide 
Orthochromatic erythroblast
Reticulocyte - found in circulation 
Erythrocyte - found in circulation
36
Q

What produce hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines?

A

Endothelial cells in the marrow, fibroblasts, and stromal cells

37
Q

What are the three major groups of hematopoietic growth factors?

A

Colony - stimulating factors
Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin
Cytokines (primarily interleukins)

38
Q

What produces granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)?

A

Endothelial cells, T cells, fibroblasts, and monocytes

39
Q

What do GM-CSFs stimulate?

A

Granulocytopoiesis and Monocytopoiesis

40
Q

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor directs:

A

CFU-G to proliferate and differentiate into myeloblasts

41
Q

What can be used following chemotherapy or radiation therapy to treat neutropenia?

A

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

42
Q

Monocyte colony stimulating factor commits:

A

CFU-GM to monocytic pathway

43
Q

Erythropoietin directs:

A

CFU-E to proliferate and differentiate into proerythroblasts

44
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced and in response to what?

A

Produced in the kidney in response to decrease in oxygen stimulation

45
Q

What is secondary polycythemia?

A

Any abnormal increase in total RBC mass resulting from hypoxia and stimulating release of erythropoietin

46
Q

What are the possible causes of secondary polycythemia?

A

Tetralogy of fallot and cigarette smoke

47
Q

Thrombopoietin directs formation of:

A

Megakaryoblasts

48
Q

Where is thrombopoietin produced?

A

In proximal convoluted tubules of kidney

In parenchymal cells & sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver

49
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Mediate positive and negative affects on cellular quiescence, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation

50
Q

Examples of Cytokines

A

Interleukin-3
GM-CSF
Fit-3 ligand
Kit ligand

51
Q

Name other ECM components that also play a role in hematopoietic growth regulation

A

Heparin Sulfates
Collagens
Laminin
Fibronectin

52
Q

What do chemokines do?

A

Regulate blood cell trafficking and homing to sites of need

May serve as positive and negative growth regulators

53
Q

What do chemokines bind to?

A

Guanine protein-coupled transmembrane receptors

54
Q

Give an example of a chemokine

A

Sdf-1

Whitney - Histology Test 2 (11 decks)

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