Lecture 20 3/24/25 Flashcards
What prevents the facial lymph nodes of a cow from being palpable?
the large amount of salivary tissue
What is the tooth eruption pattern for cattle?
-first pair of incisors erupts by 1.5 years
-second pair of incisors erupts by 2.5 years
-third pair of incisors erupts by 3.5 years
-fourth pair of incisors erupts by 4.5 years
What is the tooth wear pattern for cattle?
-all teeth are in wear by 5 years
-first pair of incisors has root exposure around 6 years
-second pair of incisors has root exposure around 7 years
-third pair of incisors has root exposure around 8 years
-fourth pair of incisors has root exposure around 9 years
What is the tooth eruption and wear pattern for small ruminants?
first pair: erupts at 1 year
second pair: erupts at 2 years
third pair: erupts at 3 years
fourth pair: erupts at 4 years
all pairs: in wear at 5 years, root exposure by 6 to 8 years
What can exacerbate dental attrition?
-sandy soils
-acidic feed
What are the clinical signs of dental attrition?
-chronic weight loss
-quidding/dropping partially chewed food
-choke
Which teeth are commonly affected by tooth root abscesses in llamas and alpacas?
cheek teeth
What causes tooth root abscesses?
-damage to the gingiva leading to ascending infections
-occasionally hematogenous or tooth fractures
What is the presentation of tooth root abscesses?
-often seen in spring when animals are sheared
-animals typically 4+ years old
-hard bony swelling over affected tooth
-possible draining fistula
-painful mastication (if osteomyelitis)
-weight loss (if osteomyelitis)
How are tooth root abscesses diagnosed?
-clinical exam
-radiographs
-CT
What is the medical treatment for tooth root abscesses?
-florfenicol every 48 hrs for 10 treatments (penetrates bone)
-NSAIDs
-gastroprotectants to combat NSAID effects
What is the surgical treatment for tooth root abscesses?
-burred drilling of affected root
-extraction
-thorough curettage of alveolus
-aftercare including daily packing, lavage, and supportive care
What are the characteristics of ruminant saliva?
-high in HCO3 and PO4
-daily production is in excess of 50 L/day in cattle
-critical buffering source for the rumen
-animals losing saliva are at risk of dehydration and ruminal acidosis
What is ptyalism?
excessive salivation
What are the etiologic categories of ptyalism?
-inability to swallow
-excessive production
What are the characteristics of sialoceles?
-cyst-like collections of mucoid saliva
-occur when ducts or glands rupture and release saliva into SQ
-typically occur with trauma
-causes immune response, inflammation, and necrosis
How are sialoceles diagnosed?
-clinical exam
-aspiration
What is the main clinical sign of sialoceles?
soft flocculent oral or pharyngeal mass
What are the treatment options for sialoceles?
-surgical: extirpation of sialocele, duct, and gland
-medical: drainage and chemical cauterization
What are the characteristics of Actinobacillus lignieresii?
-causes wooden tongue
-gram-neg. commensal of oral cavity
-infections arise following damage to oral mucosa
What are the clinical signs of wooden tongue?
-dysphagia
-ptyalism
-large, inflexible tongue
-disease of lips, nose, or lymph nodes
-nodular granulomatous abscesses
What is the treatment for wooden tongue?
*sodium iodide:
-1 bottle per cow
-treatment repeated every week until signs of iodinism
-premedication with NSAIDs and dexamethasone to prevent anaphylaxis
*other antibiotics as needed
What are the signs of iodine toxicity?
-dandruff
-alopecia
-excessive tearing
-diarrhea
-coughing
-inappetence
What are the characteristics of Actinomyces bovis?
-causes lumpy jaw
-infects bony tissue
-gram-positive commensal
-infections arise following damage to oral mucosa and bony tissues
What are the clinical signs of lumpy jaw?
-hard, painless, immovable mass on jaw (typically mandible)
-possible draining fistula
-dysphagia
-weight loss
-disease of esophagus, forestomaches, trachea, and lungs
What is the treatment for lumpy jaw?
-sodium iodide weekly until signs of iodinism
-isoniazid
-curettage
What is the prognosis for lumpy jaw?
-infection can only be arrested if it encompasses bone; not cured
-permanent jaw deformation likely
-soft tissue lesions typically resolve with therapy
What are the characteristics of Fusobacterium necrophorum?
-anaerobic, opportunistic pathogen
-normally found in oral and GI tract
-causes disease in the face of oral mucosa damage
-causes oral necrobacillosis/calf diphtheria/necrotic laryngitis
What are the clinical signs of oral necrobacillosis?
-swollen cheeks
-fetid breath
-deep ulcers in oral mucosa
-dysphagia/ptyalism
-stertor
What is the treatment for oral necrobacillosis?
-procaine penicillin G
-oxytetracycline
-NSAIDs (decreases inflammation)
-dexamethasone (decreases resp. distress and inflammation)
-indwelling NG tube for feeding during healing
How is oral necrobacillosis prevented?
-good hygiene
-minimizing trauma
What are the characteristics of bovine papular stomatitis?
-caused by parapoxvirus of same name
-most infections are subclinical
-clinical signs are induced by stress or shipment
-morbidity can be very high, up to 100%
-zoonotic
What are the clinical signs of bovine papular stomatitis?
-raised papules on muzzle, nares, hard palate, and esophagus
-papules eventually transition into erosions
-stomatitis
-ptyalism
-loss of hair on tail
What are the histologic features of bovine papular stomatitis virus?
-epitheliotrophic
-attacks keratinocytes
-induces a progressive focal necrosis of the epithelium
What are the characteristics of contagious ecthyma/orf?
-caused by parapoxvirus of same name
-just like bovine papular stomatitis but more proliferative
-causes proliferative lesions at mucocutaneous junctions of nose and mouth
-very zoonotic
-also known as sore mouth
What are the clinical signs of orf?
-seen in young animals
-lesions at the nose, mouth, gums, tongue, conjunctiva, coronary band, interdigital area, genitalia, teats, and udder
-reluctance to eat, nurse, walk, or be nursed
-self-limiting lesions that persist for 3 to 6 weeks
What are the histologic features of orf virus?
-induces proliferation
-causes crusting of the epidermis
How is orf prevented?
-orf free herds
-quarantine of new additions
-vaccination via scarification to attenuate clinical disease and shorten duration of infection
What are the characteristics of esophageal obstruction/choke?
-acute obstruction of esophagus
-complete obstruction prevents eructation and leads to rumen gas build up/bloat
-acute bloat can be fatal; distended rumen compresses thoracic cavity and causes high pressure; causes CV collapse
-partial obstructions cause dysphagia and temporary bloat
-often seen in small ruminants that choke on pelleted feed
What are the clinical signs of choke?
-anxiety
-yawning
-dysphagia
-ptyalism
-collapse
-bloat
-acute death
What are the long term sequelae of choke?
-esophageal damage
-stricture
-cellulitis
-diverticula
-recurrent bloat
What is the treatment for bloat?
-gently pass OG tube to push obstruction into rumen
-massage of externally palpable obstructions
-temporary rumenostomy
-bloat whistles for chronic recurrence
-trocarization in emergencies
