Lecture 20 3/24/25 Flashcards
What prevents the facial lymph nodes of a cow from being palpable?
the large amount of salivary tissue
What is the tooth eruption pattern for cattle?
-first pair of incisors erupts by 1.5 years
-second pair of incisors erupts by 2.5 years
-third pair of incisors erupts by 3.5 years
-fourth pair of incisors erupts by 4.5 years
What is the tooth wear pattern for cattle?
-all teeth are in wear by 5 years
-first pair of incisors has root exposure around 6 years
-second pair of incisors has root exposure around 7 years
-third pair of incisors has root exposure around 8 years
-fourth pair of incisors has root exposure around 9 years
What is the tooth eruption and wear pattern for small ruminants?
first pair: erupts at 1 year
second pair: erupts at 2 years
third pair: erupts at 3 years
fourth pair: erupts at 4 years
all pairs: in wear at 5 years, root exposure by 6 to 8 years
What can exacerbate dental attrition?
-sandy soils
-acidic feed
What are the clinical signs of dental attrition?
-chronic weight loss
-quidding/dropping partially chewed food
-choke
Which teeth are commonly affected by tooth root abscesses in llamas and alpacas?
cheek teeth
What causes tooth root abscesses?
-damage to the gingiva leading to ascending infections
-occasionally hematogenous or tooth fractures
What is the presentation of tooth root abscesses?
-often seen in spring when animals are sheared
-animals typically 4+ years old
-hard bony swelling over affected tooth
-possible draining fistula
-painful mastication (if osteomyelitis)
-weight loss (if osteomyelitis)
How are tooth root abscesses diagnosed?
-clinical exam
-radiographs
-CT
What is the medical treatment for tooth root abscesses?
-florfenicol every 48 hrs for 10 treatments (penetrates bone)
-NSAIDs
-gastroprotectants to combat NSAID effects
What is the surgical treatment for tooth root abscesses?
-burred drilling of affected root
-extraction
-thorough curettage of alveolus
-aftercare including daily packing, lavage, and supportive care
What are the characteristics of ruminant saliva?
-high in HCO3 and PO4
-daily production is in excess of 50 L/day in cattle
-critical buffering source for the rumen
-animals losing saliva are at risk of dehydration and ruminal acidosis
What is ptyalism?
excessive salivation
What are the etiologic categories of ptyalism?
-inability to swallow
-excessive production
What are the characteristics of sialoceles?
-cyst-like collections of mucoid saliva
-occur when ducts or glands rupture and release saliva into SQ
-typically occur with trauma
-causes immune response, inflammation, and necrosis
How are sialoceles diagnosed?
-clinical exam
-aspiration
What is the main clinical sign of sialoceles?
soft flocculent oral or pharyngeal mass
What are the treatment options for sialoceles?
-surgical: extirpation of sialocele, duct, and gland
-medical: drainage and chemical cauterization
What are the characteristics of Actinobacillus lignieresii?
-causes wooden tongue
-gram-neg. commensal of oral cavity
-infections arise following damage to oral mucosa
What are the clinical signs of wooden tongue?
-dysphagia
-ptyalism
-large, inflexible tongue
-disease of lips, nose, or lymph nodes
-nodular granulomatous abscesses
What is the treatment for wooden tongue?
*sodium iodide:
-1 bottle per cow
-treatment repeated every week until signs of iodinism
-premedication with NSAIDs and dexamethasone to prevent anaphylaxis
*other antibiotics as needed
What are the signs of iodine toxicity?
-dandruff
-alopecia
-excessive tearing
-diarrhea
-coughing
-inappetence
What are the characteristics of Actinomyces bovis?
-causes lumpy jaw
-infects bony tissue
-gram-positive commensal
-infections arise following damage to oral mucosa and bony tissues
