Lecture 2- The Social Judge

Question 1

What is an attitude?

Answer 1

Evaluation (how bad or good something is) about an attitude object (ppl, things ideas)

Question 2

How can attitudes differ?

Answer 2

1) Valence (positive or negative)
2) Strength
3) Moral conviction
4) Ambivalence

Question 3

What is a value?

Answer 3

1) abstract ideals that guides peoples behaviour
2) mostly positive, future-orientated
3) influence attitude

Question 4

What is an Ideology?

Answer 4

interrelated, about aspects concerning he social, economic or political system

Question 5

What is a personality trait?

Answer 5

Stable tendencies how people are at present time and tend to act across situations

Question 6

Describe the utilitarian attitude

Answer 6

1) Achieve rewards and avoid punishment
2) benefit from quick assessments of what to approach/ avoid

Question 7

What is ego-defence?

Answer 7

project internally-held conflicts onto others

Question 8

What is valued- expression?

Answer 8

express who we are and what we believe in

conveys an identity that connects to groups

Question 9

Name three ways attitudes can be formed?

Answer 9

1) Cognitive sources rational thought leading to attitudes
2) Observational learning see others rewarded may adopt their attitudes or avoid them
3) Behavioural resources attitudes not well developed so we infer attitudes by reflecting on our actions

Question 10

What are the affective sources for attitude formation?

Answer 10

1) Operant conditioning- more favorable towards something if we are rewarded
2) Evaluative conditioning- attitude objects come to evoke a positive or negative effect by their association with affect-inducing events

Question 11

Describe the mere exposure effect

Answer 11

1) Tendency of repeated exposure to an object even without reinforcement, to increase the linking for the object

Question 12

Why does the mere exposure effect occur?

Answer 12

1) Uncertainty reduction

• we are often uncertain how to respond to novel objects, when we become familiar there is less uncertainty

Question 13

What is perceptual fluency?

Answer 13

when familiar with an object we can perceive and categorize it more quickly and with ease

Question 14

Is attitude formation genetic?

Answer 14

yes it is heredity

some have genetic components and are inherited from our parents

Question 15

How does society influence attitude formation?

Answer 15

society functions as gate-keepers= gives individuals the opportunity to experience and observe some things

Question 16

How does self- persuasion influence attitude formation?

Answer 16

Ppl convince themselves they like what they do after they have done something through:
1) effort justification
2) Insufficient justification effect (cog dissonance)

Question 17

What did Arson & Mills test for and what did they find?

Answer 17

1) tested for effort justification
2) found those who were severely embarrassed had higher liking of discussions and ppts

Question 18

What did Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) test for?

Answer 18

1) Insufficient justification- cog dissonance
2) PPTs did boring tasks and asked to lie that was fun and they were given a reward of £1/£20
3) £1 is insufficient justification for telling a lie- ppl needed to change attitude to justify action

Question 19

How can we explicitly measure attitudes?

Answer 19

1) evaluations that ppl can report consciously
2) asking people directly

Question 20

How can attitudes be measured implicitly?

Answer 20

1) automatic responses to an object may occur involuntary
2) assessing attitudes indirectly- reaction time measures

Question 21

When do attitudes predict behaviour?

Answer 21

1) when attitudes are strong
2) When the measure match
3) individual has capacity to act

Question 22

What makes a strong attitude?

Answer 22

1) Extremity
2) importance
3) Accessibility- how easy it is to activate attitude
4) direct experience
5) Value-expressive

Question 23

What is the compatibility principle?

Answer 23

1) measures of behaviour and attitude must be matched in terms of generality

Question 24

When can attitude become weak?

Answer 24

1) situation is strong (exam)
2) norms are strong
3) presence of authority

Question 25

What factors affect behavioural intention?

Answer 25

Attitude
subjective norm
Perceived behavioural control

Question 26

What influences perceived behaviour control?

Answer 26

1) Environmental conditions
2) External threa5
3) biological needs and addictions
4) time
5) low self-efficacy