Lecture 2- The Social Judge Flashcards
What is an attitude?
Evaluation (how bad or good something is) about an attitude object (ppl, things ideas)
How can attitudes differ?
1) Valence (positive or negative)
2) Strength
3) Moral conviction
4) Ambivalence
What is a value?
1) abstract ideals that guides peoples behaviour
2) mostly positive, future-orientated
3) influence attitude
What is an Ideology?
interrelated, about aspects concerning he social, economic or political system
What is a personality trait?
Stable tendencies how people are at present time and tend to act across situations
Describe the utilitarian attitude
1) Achieve rewards and avoid punishment
2) benefit from quick assessments of what to approach/ avoid
What is ego-defence?
project internally-held conflicts onto others
What is valued- expression?
express who we are and what we believe in
conveys an identity that connects to groups
Name three ways attitudes can be formed?
1) Cognitive sources rational thought leading to attitudes
2) Observational learning see others rewarded may adopt their attitudes or avoid them
3) Behavioural resources attitudes not well developed so we infer attitudes by reflecting on our actions
What are the affective sources for attitude formation?
1) Operant conditioning- more favorable towards something if we are rewarded
2) Evaluative conditioning- attitude objects come to evoke a positive or negative effect by their association with affect-inducing events
Describe the mere exposure effect
1) Tendency of repeated exposure to an object even without reinforcement, to increase the linking for the object
Why does the mere exposure effect occur?
1) Uncertainty reduction
- we are often uncertain how to respond to novel objects, when we become familiar there is less uncertainty
What is perceptual fluency?
when familiar with an object we can perceive and categorize it more quickly and with ease
Is attitude formation genetic?
yes it is heredity
some have genetic components and are inherited from our parents
How does society influence attitude formation?
society functions as gate-keepers= gives individuals the opportunity to experience and observe some things
How does self- persuasion influence attitude formation?
Ppl convince themselves they like what they do after they have done something, through:
1) effort justification
2) Insufficient justification effect (cog dissonance)
What did Arson & Mills test for and what did they find?
1) tested for effort justification
2) found those who were severely embarrassed had higher liking of discussions and ppts
What did Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) test for?
1) Insufficient justification- cog dissonance
2) PPTs did boring tasks and asked to lie that was fun and they were given a reward of £1/£20
3) £1 is insufficient justification for telling a lie- ppl needed to change attitude to justify action
How can we explicitly measure attitudes?
1) evaluations that ppl can report consciously
2) asking people directly
How can attitudes be measured implicitly?
1) automatic responses to an object may occur involuntary
2) assessing attitudes indirectly- reaction time measures
When do attitudes predict behaviour?
1) when attitudes are strong
2) When the measure match
3) individual has capacity to act
What makes a strong attitude?
1) Extremity
2) importance
3) Accessibility- how easy it is to activate attitude
4) direct experience
5) Value-expressive
What is the compatibility principle?
1) measures of behaviour and attitude must be matched in terms of generality
When can attitude become weak?
1) situation is strong (exam)
2) norms are strong
3) presence of authority
What factors affect behavioural intention?
Attitude
subjective norm
Perceived behavioural control
What influences perceived behaviour control?
1) Environmental conditions
2) External threa5
3) biological needs and addictions
4) time
5) low self-efficacy
