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Fundamentals of Psychology > Lecture 2: the Scientific Revolution > Flashcards

Lecture 2: the Scientific Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

wat is lastig aan psychologie

A

verdeeld: tussen humanitarian studies en het willen zijn van een exacte science

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2
Q

hoe heet het dat we ook formules willen gebruiken bij andere disciplines

A

physics envy

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3
Q

waar begon de physics envy

A

begon bij Newton, andere disciplines wilden dit ook!!!
dit was rond 1600-1700

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4
Q

end of the roman empire =

A

start of the middle ages

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5
Q

wanneer en waar begon de scientific revolution

A

rond 1550, in italie

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6
Q

vroege middeleeuwen =

A

500-1000

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7
Q

late middeleeuwen =

A

1000-1500

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8
Q

dus wanneer kwam de scientific revolution, waar na?

A

na de middeleeuwen

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9
Q

waarom weinig science in de middeleeuwen

A

mensen hadden het al te druk met van alles, de plaag en wars etc.

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10
Q

wat had ibn al-haytham ontdekt

A

optics, dat we licht reflecteren via ons oog en daardoor alles zien.

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11
Q

wie had ibn al-haytham gestudied

A

aristotle (dus heel belangrijk in de middle east)

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12
Q

hoe zagen uni’s er vroeger uit

A

vooral veel kennis preserveren, saving pre-existing works. niet perse veel nieuw research doen

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13
Q

augustine of hippo

A

-first theory of how children learn: wijzen naar dingen en dan de naam zeggen.
-first discovery of the unconscious (want dingen blijven in de mind: gaan hier niet uit)
-the problem of other minds; hoe weet je dat anderen conscious zijn?

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14
Q

hoe loste augustine of hippo the problem of other minds op

A

because others exhibit the same behaviour that you do: argument of analogy

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15
Q

hoe heette het boek van augustine

A

on the trinity -> first book about physiology of the mind (waarin hij dus de argument of analogy aangaf)

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16
Q

problem of empiricists is

A

if you only learn from what you see, how do you learn something such as consciousness?

-> argument of analogy, dat laat zien dat iets bestaat omdat anderen zich op dezelfde manier als jij gedragen

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17
Q

argument of analogy bij computers

A

als je een computer niet meer kan onderscheiden tussen het gedrag van de computer en die van de mens, dan zouden we de computer consciousness zouden moeten aanschrijven (=reasoning van analogy)

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18
Q

who invented the 0

A

brahmagupta

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19
Q

waarom was het ontdekken van de 0 van belang

A

omdat het indicates dat:
- negatieve nummers zijn
- en positions of tens and hundreds etc.

=> revolutionizes calculation!

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20
Q

hoe ging de 0 over de wereld

A

india -> middle east -> europe (hier eerst roman numbers system)

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21
Q

wanneer was de plague

A

1346-1353

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22
Q

medieval worldview in europe over church en de universe

A
  • church is knowledge
  • mensen staan hoger dan dieren
  • the sun revolves around the earth
  • heaven and hell are real
  • end of times is near
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23
Q

medieval worldview in europe over thinking

A

thinking due to immaterial mind: dus geen brein, denken dat de mind een soort ziel is.

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24
Q

wat dachten ze in de middeleeuwen over knowledge

A

dat Plato + Aristotle + Bijbel = totale knowledge.

we should preserve that knowledge, not create new knowledge

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25
Q

wat kenmerkt de middeleeuwen dus qua denken

A

heel pessimistisch, want de beste tijden zijn al voorbij, dit is het einde

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26
Q

waar was de eerste universiteit

A

in italië: Balogna

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27
Q

wat was het eerste system of universe

A

ptolemaic system

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28
Q

wat zei het ptolemaic system

A

dat alle celestial bodies om de aarde heen draaien, en daarnaast ook om hunzelf (epicyles)

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29
Q

wat leggen de epicycles uit

A

waarom er ook retrograde motion was (maar… dit kwam eigenlijk doordat de aarde een grotere baan aflegt om de zon)

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30
Q

ptolemy had alsnog…

A

very complex mathematical models, maar fitte nog steeds de data niet goed

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31
Q

wat is een andere naam voor de ptolemaic system

A

geocentric model

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32
Q

copernicus zijn model was…

A

niet het eerste heliocentric model, maar wel de eerste die serieus genomen werd

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33
Q

copernicus model =

A
  • heliocentric
  • gemaakt in 1514
  • published in 1543
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34
Q

waar komt copernicus vandaan

A

prussia (now poland)

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35
Q

waarom fitte copernicus’ model de data nog steeds niet goed

A
  • omdat het perfecte cirkels waren (nu weten we dat ze niet in rondjes draaien maar in eclipses)
  • hij dacht dat alleen de aarde een maan heeft (maar nu weten we dat Jupiter het ook heeft)
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36
Q

waarom pas op zijn death bed gepubliceerd (copernicus)

A
  • niet perse door de kerk, want zij hadden in die tijd nog geen stance ingenomen over wat ze vonden over het universum. dus dat was toen nog geen dreiging (kwam later pas; bij Galileo Galilei)
  • niet uitgelachen willen worden
  • uncertainty about the truth of the model (misschien, omdat er nog geen echt bewijs was geleverd)
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37
Q

wie leverde wel bewijs voor heliocentric model

A

galileo galilei

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38
Q

objections tegen heliocentric model

A
  1. still does not describe the data very well
  2. as comples as the ptolemaic model, dus beter?
  3. why arent we thrown into space, if the earth is orbiting the sun? why dont we feel the earth spinning?
  4. waarom zouden planeten om de zon draaien als de zon niet eens een maan heeft? wat is er zo bijzonder aan de aarde dat wij wel een maan hebben?
  5. waarom als je valt een steen recht naar beneden als je hem gooit? dan zou hij toch niet recht vallen als de aarde zou draaien?
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39
Q

kenmerken galileo galilei

A
  • takes copernicus seriously
  • writes a book in italian (for the normal ppl!)
  • boek is een soort discussie tussen 2 mensen: simplicio (dwaas) represents the church, dus dit is niet heel handig van hem
  • galileo attempts to refute the arguments contra copernicus
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40
Q

“We do not learn, and that what we call learning is only a process of recollection.”

A

plato

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41
Q
  • Until the 13th century, Aristotle was not really part of philosophy in Europe
  • Through the Middle East, Christian scholars gradually began to study Aristotle
A

oke

42
Q

“When grown-ups named some
object and at the same time
turned towards it, I perceived
this, and I grasped that the thing
was signified by the sound they
uttered, since they meant to
point it out.”

A

augustine of hippo

43
Q

“what if memory itself loses any thing…
Where in the end do we search, but in
memory itself?…What we have completely
forgotten, we cannot even look for… It is
therefore the case that our mind
encompasses more than it knows of itself at
any moment.”

A

augustine of hippo

44
Q

Scholars have the task to preserve rather
than to generate knowledge

welke tijd

A

medieval

45
Q

homo universalis =

A

is een term waarmee een erudiet persoon (mannelijk of vrouwelijk) wordt aangeduid die al zijn faculteiten en vaardigheden ontwikkelt, dus bijvoorbeeld een goed ontwikkeld atletisch lichaam, maar ook een scherp verstand en bekwaamheden op veel gebieden, met name in de kunsten.

46
Q

De revolutionibus orbium celestium=

A

boek van copernicus over heliocentric model

47
Q

galileo’s ship

A

a boat with a fish bowl, voor de fish maakt het niet uit

the ships motion is common to all the things contained in it. if something moves at a certain speed, everything that is in this moves at the same speed. movement is relative to where your perspective is.

als je op een boot een steen laat vallen, lijkt het voor jou inderdaad alsof deze steen recht naar beneden valt, omdat jij ook op de boot zit! maar voor outsiders is dit niet zo, daar lijkt het alsof de steen naar voren valt

48
Q

dus galileo disproves counter-arguments to…

A

copernican theory

49
Q

voor wie was galileo een inspiratiebron

A

voor relativity theory of einstein and newton

50
Q

waar dit galileo vooral experiments mee

A

falling objects (boats, cannon balls etc)

51
Q

“I have been twice as good a
philosopher as those others
because they, in saying what
is the opposite of the effect,
have also added the lie of
their having seen this by
experiment; and I have
made the experiment –
before which, physical
reasoning had persuaded
me that the effect must turn
out as it indeed does.”

A

galileo galileï

52
Q

wat was het verschil tussen aristotle en galileo

A

aristotle believed we should look at nature as it is, to be able to understand it. not change the conditions.

galileo did this, recognized the value of experiments. -> artificial conditions provide insight into the natural world.

53
Q

wat deed galileo na zijn counterarguments

A

hij leerde dat christiaan huygens een telescoop heeft gebouwd, en manages to get a building plan and builds one within a week!

54
Q

dus galileo was de eerste persoon die…

A

een telescoop had gemaakt

55
Q

wat zag galileo met zijn telescoop

A
  • venus has phases and therefore must orbit the sun!
  • jupiter has moons (dus earth is not special)
  • there are mountains on the moon
56
Q

wat was zo belangrijk aan dat er mountains te zien waren op de maan door galileo galilei

A

ging tegen aristotle in, aristotle tried to show that other celestrial bodies were different than earth. he thought the moon was a perfect smooth disc. dit was van belang omdat aristotle echt de ultimate kennis was, dus trust was opeens weg

57
Q

wat was wel een nadeel aan galileo zijn theory met de telescoop

A

mensen geloofden het niet, dit was een heel nieuw instrument en nog niemand kende ervan.

hoe zou je iets beter kunnen zien met je ogen, versus met een of ander instrument?

58
Q

I do not wish to approve of claims
about which I do not have any
knowledge, and about things which I
have not seen.. And then to observe
through those glasses gives me a
headache. Enough! I do not want to
hear anything more about this”

My dear Kepler, I wish that we
might laugh at the remarkable
stupidity of the common herd.
What do you have to say about
the principal philosophers of this
academy who are filled with the
stubbornness of an ass and do
not want to look at either the
planets, the moon or the
telescope, even though I have
freely and deliberately offered
them the opportunity a thousand
times? Truly, just as the ass stops
its ears, so do these philosophers
shut their eyes to the light of
truth!

A

professor Cremonini over galileo, en bericht terug van galileo

59
Q

kepler wanneer

A

1571-1630

60
Q

waar heeft kepler access to

A

enormous amounts of measurements on the orbits of planets

61
Q

kepler discovered….

A

planets’ orbits were ellipses instead of circles

62
Q

waar leidde keplers discovery toe

A

This suddenly makes the heliocentric model much simpler than the Ptolemaic model!

The first great triumph of the new science: The earth revolves around the sun

63
Q

wat gebeurde door conflict met de pope

A
  • Pope Urbanus hears about Galileo’s heresy
  • He puts Galileo under house arrest
  • This is where the break between science and church occurs
  • Galileo dies in 1642 as a prisoner
  • Exactly 350 years later, in1992, Johannes Paulus II admits that Galileo was right
64
Q

wat deed francis bacon

A
  • wanted to find out: What is science’s secret recipe?
  • Francis Bacon articulates for the first time the scientific method as a combination of observation and reasoning
  • This starts with a psychological insight: Bacon sees that human psychology interferes with finding the truth
65
Q

wat heeft Bacon dus laten zien voor psychologie

A

dat mensen biases hebben, en dat we onszelf niet echt kunnen vertrouwen in science. soort van thinking mistakes that make it problematic to just gain knowledge from our own perspectives -> we are stupid, but science can help protecting us from these biases.

66
Q

idols of the tribe=

A

van Bacon: fallacies that all humans commit, and that are inherent to human nature.
we all tend to make typical human mistakes

67
Q

2-4-8 rule

A

mensen denken: verdubbelen
maar eigenlijk is de regel gewoon dat het groter is dan het vorige nummer (dus 3-5-9 had ook gewerkt)

68
Q

wat zie je door de 2-4-8 rule

A

confirmation bias (seeking confirmation and ignoring refutations of what you believe)

-> seeing order and regularity in things that are not there

69
Q

wat was een vb van bacon over confirmation bias

A

mensen gaan naar een church, met pictures of sailsmen who prayed to god and then survived.
-> all the people that also did their vows but then drowned, we forget about them.

70
Q

Bacon’s biases (2)

A

illusory correlations
confirmation bias
salience bij minority groups

71
Q

dus wat deed bacon

A

he brings psychology into scientific thinking

72
Q

idols of the cave =

A

fallacies we commit because we belong to a certain culture, have certain interests and habits (and are not the same for all people!)

things you do not actually believe because you have evidence for it, but because people around you believe it

73
Q

voorbeelden van idols of the cave

A
  • men are smarter than women
  • democracy is the best form of government
  • aristotle: saw logic in everything
  • prejudices in education (that you are taught)
74
Q

idols of the marketplace

A

fallacies we commit because we can talk about things: our language is not rich enough to grasp the whole complexity of the things we want to describe.

75
Q

wat is het probleem bij idols of the marketplace

A

some words dont refer to anything, but language treats those nouns as if they do refer to existing things; birthday (you cant just grab this: but people are inclined to think that it is)

76
Q

wat was het voorbeeld van jip en janneke en de pages of january

A

idols of the marketplace

77
Q

wat zijn voorbeelden van idols of the marketplace in psychologie

A

intelligentie (kan je niet perse vinden in het brein), depressie etc.

78
Q

wat is een andere naam voor het probleem van idols of the marketplace

A

reification: we tend to assume that nouns (intelligence, depression) refer to things you can locate, therefore we easily assign all kinds of properties -> if something exists, it must exist somewhere, so psychological properties are in the head. (= problematic!!!)

79
Q

idols of the theatre=

A

fallacies we commit because they come from authorities

80
Q

welk voorbeeld gaf bacon over idols of the theatre

A

old philosophical schools like aristotle and plato, he criticizes the ancient greek

81
Q

aristotle is seen as a true…

A

empiricist.
-> he claims to do experience and observation, but he did not actually do experiments! he first decided what his position would be, and then brought in experience, twisting it to fit his views.

82
Q

is aristotle a true empiricist?

A
  • bacon accuses aristotle of selecting those observations that support his theories
  • many of aritstotles theories do not seem to be based on observations
  • aristotle doesnt use observations to test his theories
83
Q

hoe is bacon nu in de tijd

A
  • ideeen nog steeds relevant
  • again and again sensible people give into the idols
  • science relies on admitting the human deficit, not denying it
  • science has basically institutionalized bacons distrust
84
Q

wanneer was bacon

A

1600

85
Q

4 voorbeelden van institutionalized distrust van bacon

A

experiment (claim something: show me!)
statistical test (coincidence?)
peer review (expert could show you wrong)
replication studies (one time luck?)

86
Q

bacons new method =

A

Novum Organum

87
Q

wat stond er in Novum Organum

A

bacon argues that we should protect ourselves from our prejudices by following a methodology. this is normative: we should adhere to certain rules. this is the first methodology book!

88
Q

wat was het voorbeeld van de sirens

A

tegen de sirens: vastbinden en wax in oren stoppen.

je weet dat je die dingen toch hebt, dus je moet jezelf gewoon vastbinden zodat je niet toegeeft aan de idols

89
Q

wat voor soort gedachtestroom hoort bij Bacon

A

empiricism en rationalism: theory and observation are the same thing. but because we cannot trust ourselves, we must always test theories against observations

90
Q

bacon stresses the value of the…

A

experiment: the nature of things betrays itself more readily under the vexations of art than in its natural freedom.

91
Q

“twist the lions tail” wat bedoelde bacon hiermee

A

instead of just looking at the nature as it is, we need to actively experiemnt with it.

92
Q

induction =

A

generaliseren van een sample naar het algemeen

is making an inference based on an observation, often of a sample

from specific to general

93
Q

deduction =

A

making an inference based on widely accepted facts or premises.

from general to specific

94
Q

wat deed isaac newton

A

brings the scientific approach to physics to perfection, integrates the insights of galileo, copernicus, kepler and others into one great theory, this theory is exact: written almost entirely in teh language of mathematics (this is new!)

95
Q

wat was newton voor persoon

A

heel veel temperament, veel gevochten

96
Q

wat is bijzonder aan de principia mathematica

A

(newton) heel formeel, alles in symbolen, with simple principles newton explains an enormously rich spectrum of phenomena. (planets turn out to follow the same laws as tennis balls)

-> eerste echte powerful theory of nature!

97
Q

wat voor view ontstond er dankzij newton

A

pessimistic view van de middle ages, toen ze dachten dat de grieken alles al hadden bedacht, verdween: meer optimistic view

98
Q

newton set the ultimate example for many researchers, much of what comes after is a response to his work.

A

dus ook psychologen: Immanuel Kant will investigate the possibility of newtonian psychology (physics envy)

99
Q

francis bacon in een zin

A

Francis Bacon sees that our psychological constitution stands in the way of gaining knowledge and he is the first to articulate the scientific method

100
Q

newtons principia in een zin

A

the crowning glory of the work, what we can achieve with science, is possible! but can psychology do the same?

101
Q
A

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