Chapter 4: Establishing psychology as an independent academic discipline. 1850-1900

Question 1

waar was psychologie eerst onderdeel van

Answer 1

metaphysics

Question 2

university reform in germany

Answer 2

eerst werden universities gedomineerd door religie en humanities. daardoor werd christian wolff er uit gezet. later kwam hij terug en toen was aristotles philosophy replaced met het leren van nieuwe wetenschap zonder theologische tussenkomst. ook nog meer reformatie na de val van de Holy Roman Empire in 1805.

Question 3

met wie werkte wundt samen

Answer 3

von Hemholtz

Question 4

wat vond Wundt over psychologie

Answer 4

dat het gelinkt moest worden aan physiologie, en dat het de experimenten moet gebruiken die de physiologists hadden opgesteld.

Question 5

wanneer opende het lab van wundt

Answer 5

1879

Question 6

Boring: wat waren de redenen dat wundt zijn lab kon openen?

Answer 6

• germany had moved away from the mathematical deductive style of investigation of astronomy and physics
• germany had embraced the inductive Baconian research style, which could study the mind

Question 7

waarom had wundt een grote impact op de psychologie

Answer 7

omdat hij psychological research bekender maakte. hij had niet perse veel belangrijke uitvindingen of theorieen, maar maakte het gewoon bekender en populairder. hij had wel wat fouten gemaakt en zijn werk was niet makkelijk te lezen

Question 8

waar werkte wundt veel mee

Answer 8

• psychophysical methods to study the connection between physical stimuli and their conscious state
• the measurement of duration of simple mental processes
• accuracy of reproduction in memory tasks

Question 9

wie hadden eerder vooral kritiek gegeven op introspection

Answer 9

Kant en Comte

Question 10

hoe wilde wundt het probleem van introspectie omzeilen

Answer 10

door onderscheidt te maken tussen internal perception en experimental self-observation -> the latter was self-observation under highly controlled conditions where a stimulus was presented repeatedly and the participants reported their responses

Question 11

dus wat vond wundt over introspection

Answer 11

dat internal perception NIET valid is, maar de experimentele self-observation WEL valid is

Question 12

historical method

Answer 12

wundt wilde kijken naar de human mind door te letten op mental differences due to differences between cultures

Question 13

waar gebruikte wundt de historical method vooral voor

Answer 13

voor higher psychological processes, for which the experimental methods could not be used

Question 14

waarom wordt wundt soms gezien als de vader van antropologie

Answer 14

omdat hij geloofde dat de individual recapitulated the evolution of mankind, so a person’s development could be studied by examining the historical development of the human race

Question 15

who is generally considered one of the first psychologists

Answer 15

William James, because he wore about ongoing research in labs, and because he was instrumental in the development of psychology as a discipline. he also published a book that gave a clear and accessible amount of the knowledge about psychology

Question 16

wat vond James de beste research method

Answer 16

introspection! hij was niet van de experimental method

Question 17

James; the human mind has…

Answer 17

emerged as an adaptation. The precise contents were less important than what consciousness did, what functions it served.

= functionalist

Question 18

functionalism

Answer 18

primarily interested in functions of the mind, not what the mind comprised or what structure it has

Question 19

Titchener =

Answer 19

student of Wundt, uiteindelijk naar amerika.

founder of structuralism -> tries to discover the structure of the human mind

Question 20

dus wat was het verschil tussen Titchener en James

Answer 20

Titchener: structuralism
James: functionalism

Question 21

wat was een overeenkomst tussen Titchener en James

Answer 21

ze vonden alletwee introspection een goede methode

Question 22

Titcheners structuralism =

Answer 22

using introspection as its primary method for most of its existence to reduce complex mental states to the simplest elemental mental processes that appear in consciousness. -> observe and report on individual sensory experiences and thoughts. tried to discover the structure of the human mind, and tried to discern which sensation elements formed the basics of knowledge and how they were associated with one another

Question 23

waarom werd structuralism niet groot in de psychologie

Answer 23

1. introspection did not intuitively give rise to the experience of elementary sensations
2. more psychologists were interested in structuralism
3. psychologists argued that you cannot discover the nature of the mind by trying to break it down into atoms

Question 24

introspection did not intuitively give rise to the experience of elemetary sensations=

Answer 24

researchers found that participants often came to a conclusion without knowing the underlying processes. also Binet found that daydreaming were incompatible with the rapid processes of thought

Question 25

Titchener’s tegenargument tegen: introspection did not intuitively give rise to the experience of elemetary sensations

Answer 25

imageless thought might be true for naive individuals, but participants could be trained to become perceptive of their sensations.

Question 26

wundt: structuralisme of functionalisme

Answer 26

structuralisme (maar vooral titchener!!!)

Question 27

after comte’s assaults on the scientific status of psychology…

Answer 27

there was little doubt in the french minds that psychology belonged to the humanities.

Comte thought the metaphysical stage was an unavoidable transition from the theocratic mode of thought, characterizing primitive cultures, to the positivistic end state of mature cultures. psychology was a remnant of the metaphysical stage and its elucidation attempts on the basis of introspection would in time be replaced by proper, scientific explanations provided by biology and sociology

Question 28

wat wilde Ribot doen

Answer 28

de fransen hadden door Comte’s aanval op de psychologie en dat het geen science zou zijn, een heel negatief beeld hierover. dit wilde Ribot weghalen door argumenten van John Stuart Mill en Herbert Spencer aan te halen.

Question 29

wat waren de argumenten voor dat psychologie wel een science is?

Answer 29

• the mind can attend to more than one impression at the same time, so why shouldnt it be able to attend to its own conscious mental states?
• introspection can be based on memories, which allows humans to be aware of their thoughts post hoc, even for tasks involving such great effort that simultaneous monitoring is not possible
• if one rejects introspection, how can one then study mental functions? how can one find the physiological basis of a mental function if the latter supposedly does not exist?
• introspection is not incompatible with the objective method, because it can be combined with empirical observation and verification. there is no sharp divide between psychological and physiological factors, which makes it impossible to study them in interaction

Question 30

ribot was ook heel veel bezig met labs, phds en textbooks etc. hij deed nooit aan experimentalists

Answer 30

oke

Question 31

Jean-Martin Charcot

Answer 31

post mortem brain analyses, interested in hypnosis to understand hysteria.

Question 32

wat dacht Charcot over hysteria

Answer 32

hij dacht dat het heel erg overeenkwam met hypnose, en dat hij dus hypnose kon gebruiken om hysteria beter te begrijpen. ook dacht hij dat het leek op epilepsie. ze hadden allemaal vergelijkbare stages.

Question 33

wat was kritiek op Charcot

Answer 33

Liébault en Bernheim: responsiveness is not a disorder but general, they rarely saw the 3 stages and said that hypnosis was a sleep like state, produced by suggestion.

Question 34

wat zei Delboeuf:

Answer 34

hypnotized hysterics could switch their symptoms from one moment to the next, but only when the experimenter gave away its expectations. -> demand characteristics

Question 35

waardoor werd intelligentie een hot topic aan het eind van de 19e eeuw

Answer 35

• Galton suggested that intelligence is hereditary
• primary education became compulsory in 1892 -> assignment of children was needed

Question 36

Bidet & Simon test =

Answer 36

intelligence test: assess the mental age of a child and compare it with the chronological age.
aimed for tasks that were not taught in schools, so that the quality of education could not interfere

Question 37

informal support=

Answer 37

hulp van familie en vrienden

Question 38

waarom was er vanaf de 16e eeuw steeds meer hulp van autoriteiten nodig voor mensen met een mentale stoornis

Answer 38

• move into the city: differentiated labor
• more responsibility
• more interactions with others
• more self-discipline needed

Question 39

wie hielpen mee aan het destigmatiseren van mentale problemen

Answer 39

Battie: first book on psychiatry
Pinel: liberated the insane from their chairs

Question 40

wat waren de eerste pogingen tot ‘treatment’

Answer 40

trying to educate them, or trying to persuade and influence the patient to act normal via docters. in case of non-adherence: retaliation (=wraak)

Question 41

hoe werden psychologische problemen iets meer genormaliseerd gedurende de eerste helft van 1800

Answer 41

• biological view steeds iets populairder
• discovery of a microbe that caused syphilis
• neurologists (nieuwe groep artsen)

Question 42

Sigmund Freud=

Answer 42

private medical practice in 1886, specialized in neurology, new type of treatment based on talking to the patients. was convinced hysteria was due to repressed sexual childhood experiences or childhood fantasies

Question 43

ribot never put his program into practice

Answer 43

oke

Question 44

wat was zo bijzonder aan freud

Answer 44

zijn theory van psycho-analyse was de eerste comprehensive framework for treatment, de eerste complete theory of human functioning

Question 45

hoe verschilde freuds introspection van die van Wundt en James

Answer 45

with freud the literal meaning of what the patients say does not matter, because they did not have access to their own conscious minds

Question 46

waar vond research in de UK vooral plaats

Answer 46

outside of universities (want die waren conservative)

• rich people
• societies with fees and endowments
• small institutes
• scholars who sponsored their work with the proceeds of books and articles

Question 47

who was the first psychologist with a lab in the USA

Answer 47

James McKeen Cattell

Question 48

Cattell

Answer 48

first psych of USA, met philosophers James Ward & John Venn, lid van APA, onder Wundt en Galton gestudeerd. vooral over intelligence measures.

Question 49

Rivers

Answer 49

eerste psycholoog met een lab in de UK, cambridge. werd overgenomen door Myers

Question 50

Myers

Answer 50

tijdens WWI naar de battle grounds, where he treated shell shock (to save them from execution). later interested in applied psychology

Question 51

applied psychology =

Answer 51

the study and ability to solve problems within human behavior such as health issues, workplace issues, or education. There are various specialty areas within applied psychology including clinical psychology, counseling services, medicinal psychology, and forensic psychology.

Question 52

welke uni was open to empirical study of the human mind

Answer 52

university college of london (want later opgericht dan oxford and cambridge)

Question 53

welke twee elementen waren belangrijk in de ontwikkeling van psychologie in London

Answer 53

• the establishment of a chair of logic and the philosophy of the human mind
• Galton

Question 54

het was heel veel gedoe om een psychologisch lab op te richten in de UK

Answer 54

oke

Question 55

met wie werkte Galton samen

Answer 55

Pearson -> correlation coefficient

Question 56

wanneer was spearman

Answer 56

rond 1910

Question 57

George Croom Robertson & Alexander Bain….

Answer 57

journal Mind opgericht (1976)

Question 58

Edward William Cox

Answer 58

richtte Psychological Society of Great Brittain op in 1875

Question 59

James Sully

Answer 59

starte the British Psychological Society in 1901. was best elitair

Question 60

reductionism =

Answer 60

the mind of a person is nothing but the brain in operation.

Question 61

wat is het verschil tussen holism en reductionism

Answer 61

Holism considers the context and complexity of human behavior, while reductionism seeks to isolate and study individual components in isolation.