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Fundamentals of Psychology > Lecture 1: Prehistory and the Classical Antiquity > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Prehistory and the Classical Antiquity Flashcards

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1
Q

wat is unique aan mensen

A

language -> makes it possible to do rational thinking
image
numbers

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2
Q

prehistory=

A

de tijd voor written records (dus dit was eerder voor egypte dan voor nl)

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3
Q

waar leiden language, image, numbers toe?

A

representatie -> relations between things

wat weer leidt tot:
religion
money
complex social structures
agriculture

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4
Q

Man discovers representation, in which ….

A

things are denoted with symbols and relations between things are represented with relations between symbols.

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5
Q
  • With language a representation can be
    brought from one head into another
  • With writing, representations can be brought
    into someone’s head without the other being
    physically present
  • It becomes possible to have shared
    representations: ideas can easily spread and
    can also be sustained over generations
A

oke

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6
Q
  • When you have representations, it
    suddenly stands out that some of these
    representations are “correct” (2+2=4)
    and others are not (2+2=5)
  • We thus get the concept of “truth” with
    it
  • The question of what it is that makes
    some representations true and others
    false is a central issue in philosophy
  • This part of philosophy concerns
    “theories of truth”
A

oke

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7
Q

hoe konden denkers en philosophy ontstaan

A

doordat agricultuur was ontdekt, dus mensen hadden genoeg eten (geen competitie meer) en mensen konden gaan settelen, en taken werden verdeeld. -> community -> hierarchy -> higher ranked individuals have time spare.

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8
Q

ontology=

A

what is the world like?

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9
Q

epistemology=

A

how do we know what is true?

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10
Q

aesthetics =

A

what makes some things beautiful and others ugly?

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11
Q

ethics =

A

what makes some things good and some bad?

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12
Q

dus: whats the world like? =

A

ontology

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13
Q

dus: how do we know whats true? =

A

epistemology

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14
Q

maybe there were people in earlier ages thinking about philosophical questions, but they just did not write them down

A

oke

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15
Q

2 generations in greece

A

before & after socrates

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16
Q

presocrats=

A

only have smaller pieces of text.
Heraclitus

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17
Q

after socrats

A

plato
aristotle

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18
Q

after aristotle=

A

stoics
epicureans
skeptics

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19
Q

Heraclitus =

A
  • Heraclitus (“the Obscure”) doubts whether something ever stays the same
  • “No man ever steps in the same river twice.”
  • The only constant is change itself
  • This principle is known as Panta Rhei (“everything flows”)
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20
Q

wat studeerde Heraclitus dus voor soort vragen

A

ontology!!!

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21
Q

bij wat voor vragen horen rationalism en empiricism

A

epistemiology!!

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22
Q

wie was wat: plato vs aristotle

A

plato= rationalism
aristotle = empiricism

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23
Q

plato wijst…

A

omhoog -> transcendental world (world of Forms) where the perfect forms of everything is located. we try to remember this from our innate knowledge, due to which we only see the imperfect versions of these forms.

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24
Q

dus rationalism =

A

what we know about the world is in our mind already.

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25
Q

empiricism =

A

knowledge comes from experiences with the world, observations

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26
Q

aristotle wijst naar…

A

de grond: the physical world, nature, world of substance.

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27
Q

plato main gedachtes

A
  • knowledge comes from the ratio (intelligence)
  • knowledge is only partly based on observation
  • real knowledge (about the good, true and the beautiful) does not come from observation
  • knowledge from reason is superior to knowledge frome experience
  • associated claim: there is innate knowledge (nativism)
28
Q

plato’s rationalism in circle

A

how do we know that these cirkels always have the same properties, we always see perfect cirkels, even though these circles made by man are never perfect (imperfect forms!!!)
because we know already!!!

if our idea of a circle does not come from perception (because men cannot make perfect circles) where does it come from?

we remember them from our divine origin. knowledge is recognized and therefore we know it is true.

29
Q

Plato: Our mind is born out of the world of forms, which is a transcendent world where the perfect forms are. Plato believed in reincarnation, used this to explain our knowledge of perfect forms. For real knowledge you should not turn to empiricism; you should remember what you already know

A

oke

30
Q

wat was nog een argument van plato voor knowledge that we remember from our divine origin

A

dat een slaaf van Meno het niet geleerd kon hebben, maar hij wist nog steeds dingen.

31
Q

socrates dialogues were really pushing someone towards an answer tho

A

oke

32
Q

plato’s cave:

A

we only look at shadows, what we observe on earth are always imperfect observations. observations are always subjective and subject to changes. (dus GEEN empiricism, observations zijn niet veel waard)

maar…

door hard na te denken, introspection and reason te gebruiken, kunnen we uit de cave komen en de echte wereld zien!

33
Q

dus vraag over empiricism of rationalism:

A

vinden ze het belangrijk om na te denken, reason te gebruiken, of juist te letten op observaties?

34
Q

wat is hedendaags bewijs voor rationalisme

A
  • hele jonge kinderen kunnen causaal redeneren
  • babies are surprised when natural laws are violated
  • language ability may be innate
  • contemporary nativism is not rooted in reincarnation, but evolution of the brain
35
Q

empiricism =

A
  • knowledge lies in observation
  • if you want to know what is going on, you have to observe (common sense view)
  • associated thesis: if all knowledge comes from experience, there is no need for innate knowledge
36
Q

aristotle over empiricism

A
  • grondlegger (soms zo gezien)
  • first to think about how to gain knowledge from observations
  • self-evident axioms can not be rejected by observations (rationalism)
  • but, these axiomas are acquired through experience, they are not innate or shown to us before birth
37
Q

dus hoe was aristotle soms een rationalist

A

hij dacht dat observations de self-evident axioms niet zouden kunnen weerleggen. maar wel dat die axioms acquired werden door experience

38
Q

wat vond aristotle van de twee werelden theorie

A

niet goed, there is only one world we can observe. everything around us consists of form and matter. the forms are not just something in our head, but our essence of being.

39
Q

wat zei aristotle over de circle

A

you investigate the circles by observation.

= induction (observations -> general law)

40
Q

wat zei Thomas Acquina

A

nothing is in the intellect that was not first in the senses

41
Q

dus thomas acquina was een

A

empiricist

42
Q

tabula rasa theory =

A

the mind is an unwritten tablet/blank slate at birth

43
Q

wat was john watson

A

ook een empiricist: tabula rasa inspireerde zijn behaviourism

44
Q

“To say of what is that it is not, or of what is
not that it is, is false, while to say of what is
that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is
true.”

A

= aristotles definition of truth

45
Q

Correspondence theory of truth:

A

True statements “correspond” with
states of affairs (situations) in reality

In psychology this is not trivial: what
is the state of affairs that a
statement about mental states
corresponds to?

46
Q

aristotles view on knowledge

A

knowledge based on:
- sensory experiences
- induction
- logic

47
Q

hoe is deze view van aristotle over swans

A
  • we observe swans
  • we induce that swans have specific properties
  • logic: all swans are white + cygnus is a swan -> cygnus is white
48
Q

aristotle over logic

A

Logic does not tell us what to think, but how we get from premises to a conclusion

49
Q

what was aristotles meest rationalistische standpunt

A
  • Aristotle sees the ability to know (observation and reasoning) as natural qualities of the soul
  • Knowledge, however, does not spring from the soul but from perception.
  • But knowledge deduced from self-evident laws is stronger than the observations that contradict this knowledge
50
Q

wat gaf plato wel toe

A
  • Plato was also willing to admit that some knowledge comes from observation
  • But the important knowledge (about the true, the good and the beautiful) comes from the ratio
51
Q

stoicism =

A

it is best to minimize your feelings

52
Q

epicureanism=

A

happiness is the ultimate persuit, which you can achieve by living your life as balanced as possible

53
Q

skepticism=

A

refrain from judgement, no one can ever know anything for sure

54
Q

voor wie was skepticism zijn primary motivation

A

descartes

DOUBT EVERYTHING

55
Q

wie was weer geinspireerd door descartes

A

hume

56
Q

wie startte het skepticism

A

pyrrho (300 BC)

57
Q

wat was er met de romans

A

were a bit more practical, cared more for engeneering, military and warfare, history writing. minder nadenken over philosophical questions.

58
Q

2 werelden van plato

A

intelligible = true world
sensible = untrue world, observed by our perceptions

59
Q

“[The] mind is in a sense potentially whatever is thinkable, though actually it is nothing until it has thought. What it thinks must be in it just as characters may be said to be on a writing-tablet on which as yet nothing stands written: this is exactly what happens with mind”

A

aristotle

60
Q

“We must, therefore, pursue the things that make for happiness, seeing that when happiness is present, we have everything; but when it is absent, we do everything to possess it.”

A

epicurus

61
Q
  • Some of the greatest inventions stem from prehistoric times (language, numbers, representations)
  • The development of agriculture has made it possible for elites to be exempted from working the land
  • The Greeks start wondering where knowledge comes from
  • Rationalism and empiricism are first elementary answers to this question
  • But it will be many hundreds of years before humans invent the Great Knowledge Machine: The Scientific Method
A

oke

62
Q

Heraclitus’ panta rei =

A

everything flows

63
Q

Peripatetic principle =

A

Aristotle walked around while teaching in his lyceum: peripateo in Greek.

That’s why Thomas Aquinas called the empirical principle the peripatetic principle:
‘Nihil est in intellectu quod non priusfuerit in sensu’ (“nothing is in the intellect that was not
first in the senses”).

64
Q

syllogism

A

aristotle: “a discourse in which certain (specific) things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so.”

65
Q
A

Fundamentals of Psychology (15 decks)

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