Chapter 6: the input from brain research Boek

Question 1

verschil bacon en aristotle

Answer 1

aristotle: alleen observeren!!!
bacon: experimenteren, twist the lions tail

Question 2

edwin smith papyrus=

Answer 2

ancient egypt papyrus, contains short descriptions of the symptoms and treatment of brain injuries

Question 3

waar waren ancient egyptians van overtuigt

Answer 3

heart was the seat of the soul

Question 4

wat dacht hippocrates over de ziel

Answer 4

in the brain

Question 5

3 parts of the soul van plato

Answer 5

1. reasoning (brain)
2. sensation (heart)
3. appetite (liver)

Question 6

wat dacht aristotle over de ziel

Answer 6

located in the heart

Question 7

wat dacht galen

Answer 7

experiment with animals, soul in the brain, but: soul lived in the solid parts, and stored animal spirits in the ventricles. these spirits communicated with the rest of the body.

Question 8

wat was er in de renaissance

Answer 8

nog steeds focus op ventricles (galen) -> Vesalius

Question 9

vesalius’ 3 ventricles:

Answer 9

1. front: info from senses
2. middle: judgement
3. back: memory

Question 10

wat had von Grafenberg gevonden

Answer 10

after brain damage, some patients could no longer speak even tho their tongue was not paralysed

Question 11

wanneer dachten ze pas dat het de solid hersenen waren en minder focus op de ventrikels

Answer 11

17 en 18e eeuw

Question 12

wie hadden interesse in reflexes

Answer 12

descartes & prochaska

Question 13

descartes over reflexes

Answer 13

reflex consists of a sensory impression which rushed to the brain, and was reflected back into a motor command

als een soort spiegel

Question 14

prochaska over reflexes

Answer 14

book: reflexes are not controlled by the brain, but involved the spinal chord and structures above it

Question 15

wat voor breakthroughs in 19th century

Answer 15

• neurophysiology
• cerebrospinal axis
• reflexes also
• localisation of brain functions
• discovery of the nerve cell
• communication in the nervous system (electrical and neurotransmitters)

Question 16

reflex arc=

Answer 16

a signal is picked up by sensory receptors, transmitted to the spinal cord through an afferent nerve, transferred to interneurons, which activate motor neurons that send a motor command over an efferent nerve to initiate the withdrawal movement

Question 17

Bouillard

Answer 17

presented evidence that speech is controlled by the front parts of the brain

Question 18

Broca =

Answer 18

language production

Question 19

Wernicke =

Answer 19

language understanding

Question 20

the first to find clear empirical evidence for the involvement of electricity in the nervous system was…

Answer 20

galvani

Question 21

bois-reymond

Answer 21

established that nerve signals involve electricity

Question 22

Bodamer

Answer 22

described prosopagnosia: soldiers in ww2 lost their ability to recognise faces after injury in the back of the brain

Question 23

Morton and patterson

Answer 23

3 different logogen systems:
- visual
- auditory
- output (for production of speech)

Question 24

3 routes van morton and patterson

Answer 24

1. directly covert the letters into phonemes
2. direct connection between visual and output
3. via visual, through cognitive, to output

Question 25

eeg =

Answer 25

electrical brain activity meten via scalp sensors

Question 26

erp=

Answer 26

averaging eeg signals

Question 27

meg=

Answer 27

magnetic field

Question 28

pet =

Answer 28

radioactive tracer

Question 29

fmri

Answer 29

measurement of blood with vs without oxygen

Question 30

TMS =

Answer 30

stimulation of a brain region by means of a coil placed on the head

Question 31

wat is het verschil tussen fmri en tms

Answer 31

fmri is correlation, met tms kan je echt experimenteren

Question 32

Kihlstrom

Answer 32

conclusions based on brain imaging have a strong resemblance of claims made by phrenologists.

Question 33

wat was de response van cognitive psychologists op deze kritiek

Answer 33

• difference between speculation and empirically showing something
• localisation of brain activity whilst someone is performing a task does give some information
• we know now that it takes a lot of interaction of several areas (dus niet hetzelfde als phrenology)

Question 34

Capgras delusion=

Answer 34

when a person still recognises close relatives, but is convinced that they have been replaced by look a likes

Question 35

freudian interpreation=

Answer 35

conflicted feelings towards the relatives, which result in a dissociation between the absent loved persons and the present hated look a likes.