Chapter 6: the input from brain research Boek Flashcards
verschil bacon en aristotle
aristotle: alleen observeren!!!
bacon: experimenteren, twist the lions tail
edwin smith papyrus=
ancient egypt papyrus, contains short descriptions of the symptoms and treatment of brain injuries
waar waren ancient egyptians van overtuigt
heart was the seat of the soul
wat dacht hippocrates over de ziel
in the brain
3 parts of the soul van plato
- reasoning (brain)
- sensation (heart)
- appetite (liver)
wat dacht aristotle over de ziel
located in the heart
wat dacht galen
experiment with animals, soul in the brain, but: soul lived in the solid parts, and stored animal spirits in the ventricles. these spirits communicated with the rest of the body.
wat was er in de renaissance
nog steeds focus op ventricles (galen) -> Vesalius
vesalius’ 3 ventricles:
- front: info from senses
- middle: judgement
- back: memory
wat had von Grafenberg gevonden
after brain damage, some patients could no longer speak even tho their tongue was not paralysed
wanneer dachten ze pas dat het de solid hersenen waren en minder focus op de ventrikels
17 en 18e eeuw
wie hadden interesse in reflexes
descartes & prochaska
descartes over reflexes
reflex consists of a sensory impression which rushed to the brain, and was reflected back into a motor command
als een soort spiegel
prochaska over reflexes
book: reflexes are not controlled by the brain, but involved the spinal chord and structures above it
wat voor breakthroughs in 19th century
- neurophysiology
- cerebrospinal axis
- reflexes also
- localisation of brain functions
- discovery of the nerve cell
- communication in the nervous system (electrical and neurotransmitters)
reflex arc=
a signal is picked up by sensory receptors, transmitted to the spinal cord through an afferent nerve, transferred to interneurons, which activate motor neurons that send a motor command over an efferent nerve to initiate the withdrawal movement
Bouillard
presented evidence that speech is controlled by the front parts of the brain
Broca =
language production
Wernicke =
language understanding
the first to find clear empirical evidence for the involvement of electricity in the nervous system was…
galvani
bois-reymond
established that nerve signals involve electricity
Bodamer
described prosopagnosia: soldiers in ww2 lost their ability to recognise faces after injury in the back of the brain
Morton and patterson
3 different logogen systems:
- visual
- auditory
- output (for production of speech)
3 routes van morton and patterson
- directly covert the letters into phonemes
- direct connection between visual and output
- via visual, through cognitive, to output
eeg =
electrical brain activity meten via scalp sensors
erp=
averaging eeg signals
meg=
magnetic field
pet =
radioactive tracer
fmri
measurement of blood with vs without oxygen
TMS =
stimulation of a brain region by means of a coil placed on the head
wat is het verschil tussen fmri en tms
fmri is correlation, met tms kan je echt experimenteren
Kihlstrom
conclusions based on brain imaging have a strong resemblance of claims made by phrenologists.
wat was de response van cognitive psychologists op deze kritiek
- difference between speculation and empirically showing something
- localisation of brain activity whilst someone is performing a task does give some information
- we know now that it takes a lot of interaction of several areas (dus niet hetzelfde als phrenology)
Capgras delusion=
when a person still recognises close relatives, but is convinced that they have been replaced by look a likes
freudian interpreation=
conflicted feelings towards the relatives, which result in a dissociation between the absent loved persons and the present hated look a likes.
