Chapter 6: the input from brain research Boek Flashcards

1
Q

verschil bacon en aristotle

A

aristotle: alleen observeren!!!
bacon: experimenteren, twist the lions tail

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2
Q

edwin smith papyrus=

A

ancient egypt papyrus, contains short descriptions of the symptoms and treatment of brain injuries

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3
Q

waar waren ancient egyptians van overtuigt

A

heart was the seat of the soul

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4
Q

wat dacht hippocrates over de ziel

A

in the brain

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5
Q

3 parts of the soul van plato

A
  1. reasoning (brain)
  2. sensation (heart)
  3. appetite (liver)
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6
Q

wat dacht aristotle over de ziel

A

located in the heart

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7
Q

wat dacht galen

A

experiment with animals, soul in the brain, but: soul lived in the solid parts, and stored animal spirits in the ventricles. these spirits communicated with the rest of the body.

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8
Q

wat was er in de renaissance

A

nog steeds focus op ventricles (galen) -> Vesalius

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9
Q

vesalius’ 3 ventricles:

A
  1. front: info from senses
  2. middle: judgement
  3. back: memory
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10
Q

wat had von Grafenberg gevonden

A

after brain damage, some patients could no longer speak even tho their tongue was not paralysed

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11
Q

wanneer dachten ze pas dat het de solid hersenen waren en minder focus op de ventrikels

A

17 en 18e eeuw

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12
Q

wie hadden interesse in reflexes

A

descartes & prochaska

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13
Q

descartes over reflexes

A

reflex consists of a sensory impression which rushed to the brain, and was reflected back into a motor command

als een soort spiegel

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14
Q

prochaska over reflexes

A

book: reflexes are not controlled by the brain, but involved the spinal chord and structures above it

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15
Q

wat voor breakthroughs in 19th century

A
  • neurophysiology
  • cerebrospinal axis
  • reflexes also
  • localisation of brain functions
  • discovery of the nerve cell
  • communication in the nervous system (electrical and neurotransmitters)
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16
Q

reflex arc=

A

a signal is picked up by sensory receptors, transmitted to the spinal cord through an afferent nerve, transferred to interneurons, which activate motor neurons that send a motor command over an efferent nerve to initiate the withdrawal movement

17
Q

Bouillard

A

presented evidence that speech is controlled by the front parts of the brain

18
Q

Broca =

A

language production

19
Q

Wernicke =

A

language understanding

20
Q

the first to find clear empirical evidence for the involvement of electricity in the nervous system was…

21
Q

bois-reymond

A

established that nerve signals involve electricity

22
Q

Bodamer

A

described prosopagnosia: soldiers in ww2 lost their ability to recognise faces after injury in the back of the brain

23
Q

Morton and patterson

A

3 different logogen systems:
- visual
- auditory
- output (for production of speech)

24
Q

3 routes van morton and patterson

A
  1. directly covert the letters into phonemes
  2. direct connection between visual and output
  3. via visual, through cognitive, to output
25
eeg =
electrical brain activity meten via scalp sensors
26
erp=
averaging eeg signals
27
meg=
magnetic field
28
pet =
radioactive tracer
29
fmri
measurement of blood with vs without oxygen
30
TMS =
stimulation of a brain region by means of a coil placed on the head
31
wat is het verschil tussen fmri en tms
fmri is correlation, met tms kan je echt experimenteren
32
Kihlstrom
conclusions based on brain imaging have a strong resemblance of claims made by phrenologists.
33
wat was de response van cognitive psychologists op deze kritiek
- difference between speculation and empirically showing something - localisation of brain activity whilst someone is performing a task does give some information - we know now that it takes a lot of interaction of several areas (dus niet hetzelfde als phrenology)
34
Capgras delusion=
when a person still recognises close relatives, but is convinced that they have been replaced by look a likes
35
freudian interpreation=
conflicted feelings towards the relatives, which result in a dissociation between the absent loved persons and the present hated look a likes.