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* HUBS191 > Lecture 2: Principles of Homeostasis > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Principles of Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What does ECF stand for?

A

Extracellular Fluid

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2
Q

What is the homeostatic benefit of being a multi-cellular organism?

A

Cells specialise and combine to make tissues and organ systems, allowing for control of a stable internal environment.

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3
Q

How much of our body water is contained in ICF?

A

2/3

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4
Q

What does ICF stand for?

A

Intracellular Fluid

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5
Q

How much of our body water is contained in ECF?

A

1/3

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6
Q

How much of the ECF is ISF?

A

approx. 4/5

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7
Q

What does ISF stand for?

A

Interstitial Fluid

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8
Q

How much of the ECF is plasma?

A

approx. 1/5

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9
Q

What is the definition of ‘Homeostasis’?

A

The maintenance of relatively constant conditions in the internal environment (ECF) in the face of external (or internal) change.

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10
Q

What is the K+ concentration in the ECF?

A

3.5-5mmol/L

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11
Q

What is the glucose concentration in the ECF?

A 
Fasting = 3.5-6mmol/L
Non-Fasting = 3.5-8mmol/L
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12
Q

What is the Ca++ concentration in the ECF?

A

2.2-2.6mmol/L

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13
Q

What is the Na+ concentration in the ECF?

A

135-145mmol/L

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14
Q

What is the role of Sodium in the ECF?

A

Action potential generation and ECF volume control, affecting blood pressure (BP).

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15
Q

What is the role of Calcium in the ECF?

A

Structural component of bone and teeth, involved in neurotransmission, muscle contraction, essential for blood clotting, regulates enzyme function.

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16
Q

What is the role of glucose in the ECF?

A

To produce ATP.

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17
Q

What are the effects of acidosis?

A

Decreased neural function, decreased consciousness.

18
Q

What are the effects of alkalosis?

A

Over-excitable nerves and muscles, leading to ‘pins and needles’, muscle spasms and convulsions.

19
Q

What is the optimal core body temperature?

A

36-37.5 ° C

20
Q

What happens when the core body temperature is too high?

A

Proteins denature.

21
Q

What happens when the core body temperature is too low?

A

Chemical reactions slow down, preventing normal cell function. As nerve cells cease to function properly, the body can no longer thermoregulate, temperatures decrease, and the cycle continues… ☠

22
Q

_________ is the random movement apart of particles, which is rapid over a short distance, for example, between cells and capillaries.

A

DIFFUSION is the random movement apart of particles, which is rapid over a short distance, for example, between cells and capillaries.

23
Q

Is energy required for simple diffusion? Why?

A

No. Because it is a passive mode of transport, molecules travel down the concentration gradient with no extra energy required.

24
Q

Can all substances diffuse through the lipid bilayer?

A

No, only some substances can.

25
Q

What are membrane channels?

A

They are channels through the cell membrane which allow for the movement of (often specific) molecules through them. They can often open and close.

26
Q

Which type of membrane channel opens/closes spontaneously?

A

Leak Channels

27
Q

What are ligand gated channels?

A

Membrane channels which open/close in response to a change.

28
Q

What are voltage gated channels?

A

Membrane channels which open/close in response to membrane potential.

29
Q

What is another name for Carrier Mediated Passive Transport?

A

Facilitated Diffusion.

30
Q

How does Carrier Mediated Passive Transport work?

A

Proteins within the cell membrane bind to molecules outside the cell, change their shape and then release them into the cell.

31
Q

What is it called when energy from ATP hydrolysis is used to move substances against the concentration gradient?

A

Primary Active Transport

32
Q

The sodium - potassium pump is an example of what type of transport?

A

Primary Active Transport

3Na⁺ out, 2K⁺ in

33
Q

Active transport maintains _____ _________.

A

Active transport maintains IONIC GRADIENTS.

34
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

35
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.

36
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The net movement of water across a membrane DOWN its own concentration gradient (towards the higher solute concentration).

37
Q

What causes osmotic pressure?

A

Differences in solute concentration, due to fluid shifts.

38
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The total number of solute particles per liter of solution.

39
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The effect a solution has on a cell. Eg., hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic.

40
Q

What is the osmolalirity of the ECF and ICF?

A

275-300mosmol/L

41
Q

What is the pH of the ECF?

A

7.35-7.45

* HUBS191 (34 decks)

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