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* HUBS191 > Lecture 16: Cells and Organisation of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Cells and Organisation of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Give an example of integration in terms of food.

A
  • Am I hungry?
  • Do I want that kind of food?
  • Do I want that much food?
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2
Q

Give an example of coordination in terms of food.

A

Preparation for eating, cravings for different foods, etc.

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3
Q

Give an example of response in terms of food.

A

Ordering food, action.

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4
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central Nervous System

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5
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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6
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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7
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

All peripheral nerves.

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8
Q

What are the two main types of cells in the nervous system?

A

Glia and neurons.

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9
Q

What 4 types of glia are in the CNS and what are their purposes?

A

Astrocytes: supply nutrients to neurons, ensheath blood capillaries, transmit information.

Microglia: Immune cells of CNS, engulf micro-organisms and debris.

Ependdymal Cells: Line the fluid filled spaces of brain and spinal cord, have cilia to circulate CSF.

Oligodendrocytes: Support nerve fibres and ensheath them inn myelin.

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10
Q

What is a Schwann cell?

A

The glia of the PNS, supports peripheral nerve fibres, ensheathes them in myelin (like oligodendrocytes). “Swiss roll”

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11
Q

What produces the myelin sheath?

A

Oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells ion the PNS.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath?

A

To increase the conduction velocity.

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13
Q

What are the 4 parts of a neuron, and what are their purposes?

A

Dendrites: Receive input

Cell Body: Contains nucleus and organelles, sums input.

Axon: Carries electrical impulses, may or may not be myelinated.

Axon terminal: End of axon, releases neurotransmitters.

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14
Q

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps between the myelin on a myelinated axon, which allow potential to be regenerated, allowing for increase in speed.

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15
Q

What is an example of the results of demylination?

A

Multiple Sclerosis.

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16
Q

What is the structure and function of the summation zone on a nueron?

A

Axon hillock, decision to further transmit signal or not. If many inputs, more likely.

17
Q

What is the structure and function of the input zone on a nueron?

A

Dendrites and cell body, receives CHEMICAL signals from other neurons’ axons.

18
Q

What is the structure and function of the conduction zone on a nueron?

A

Axon, often very long, carries ELECTIRAL signals between brain areas, to and from spinal cord or to and from PNS sensory receptors.

19
Q

What is the structure and function of the output zone on a nueron?

A

Axon terminals, in contact with the input zone of other neurons, releases CHEMICAL neurotransmitter, passing info on.

20
Q

What are the 3 morphological types of neurons?

A

Multipolar: multiple processes; multiple dendrites and single axon.

Bipolar: 2 processes; a dendrite and an axon.

[Pseudo]unipolar: Only 1 process emanates from cell body, which branches into dendrite and axon.

21
Q

What happens at a synapse?

A

Electrical impulse is converted to a chemical neurotransmitter release which is sensed and converted to another electrical impulse.

22
Q

What do synaptic vesicles contain?

A

Neurotransmitter.

23
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

The gap between axon and dendrite at the synapse.

24
Q

What are the 3 types of synapses?

A

Axodendritic, Axosynaptic, Axoaxonic.

25
Q

What is the most common type of synapse in the CNS?

A

Axodendritic.

26
Q

What is information going into the brain called?

A

Afferent, ascending.

27
Q

What is information going out of the brain called?

A

Efferent, descending.

28
Q

What is the 4 step flow of information in the nervous system?

A

Afferent info from sensory neuron (PNS) ➡ Integration (CNS) ➡ Coordination (CNS) ➡ Efferent info to muscles and glands, response (PNS).

29
Q

What is a tract?

A

A bundle of axons. CNS

30
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Group of cell bodies in the cerebral cortex. CNS

31
Q

What is white matter?

A

Bundle of axons in cerebral cortex. CNS

32
Q

What is nuclei in the CNS?

A

A group of cell bodies

33
Q

What are ganglion?

A

A group of cell bodies in the PNS

34
Q

What is a bundle of axons called in the PNS?

A

Nerve

35
Q

The myelin sheath in the CNS is made of what?

A

Oligodendrocytes.

36
Q

The part of neurotransmission that is carried out through a chemical signal is called what?

A

Synapse

37
Q

The part of a neuron that makes the decision about whether to propogate an action potential in response to inputs is called what?

A

Axon hillock.

* HUBS191 (34 decks)

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