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SP15 Neuroanatomy - Dr. Pierson > Lecture 2 - Peripheral Nervous System & Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Peripheral Nervous System & Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

From medial to lateral, list the path of a spinal nerve.

A

Posterior/Anterior horn → root → nerve → ramus

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2
Q

Afferent (sensory) nerves are in the _____ portion of the spinal cord, while efferent (motor) nerves are in the _____ portion.

A
  • posterior (dorsal)

- anterior (ventral)

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3
Q

List the 4 spinal nerve types.

A
  • visceral efferent (VE) (vessels) ←ventral, lateral horns
  • somatic efferent (SE) (skeletal muscles) ← ventral horn
  • somatic afferent (SA) (skin) ← dorsal horn
  • visceral afferent (VA) (smooth muscles) ← dorsal
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4
Q

3 functional components of spinal cord gray matter:

A
  • posterior horn (SA, VA)
  • lateral horn (VE)
  • anterior horn (SE)
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5
Q

The outermost extension of the dura that covers peripheral nerves and lends them tensile strength is the _______.

A

epineurium

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6
Q

The _______ dural layer surrounding peripheral nerves is continuous with the arachnoid mater, and possesses a blood-nerve barrier.

A

perineurium

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7
Q

Individual nerve fibers are surrounded with an _______ covering.

A

endoneurium

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8
Q

Myelin forms the membrane of _____ cells, covers up to ____ cm of an axon, and increases ________ _____ of action potentials.

A
  • glial
  • 1
  • conduction velocity
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9
Q

In the CNS, myelin is produced by _________ cells. In the PNS, it is produced by _____ cells.

A
  • oligodenroglial

- Schwann

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10
Q

The region of a neuron where an axon begins is called the ______ ______. Action potential is summated here, then carried down the axon. On myelinated neurons, it jumps across sections of myelin to exposed axon regions called _______ ___ ______.

A
  • axon hillock

- nodes of Ranvier

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11
Q

“Jumping” conduction of action potentials with depolarization occuring at nodes of Ranvier down an axon is called ______ ______. It can be bi-directional.

A

saltatory conduction

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12
Q

In the PNS, Schwann cells wrap _____ neuron in myelin. In the CNS, oligodendrocytes can wrap ______ neurons in myelin.

A
  • 1

- many

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13
Q

Schwann cells possess a cytoplasmic-like wrapping in the myelin sheaths called a _______. Oligodendrocytes lack this.

A

neurilemma

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14
Q

The larger the diameter of a myelin sheath, the _____ the conduction velocity.

A

faster

  • Fastest to slowest: Ia (muscle spindle), Ib (golgi tendon organ), α (lower motor neurons), Aβ (corpuscles), γ (intrafusal fibers), δ (sharp pain, cold), C fibers (heat, pain)
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15
Q

__________ sense taste, smell, pH, and metabolite concentrations.

A

chemoreceptors

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16
Q

_______ are retinal visual receptors for light.

A

photoreceptors

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17
Q

______ sense temperature changes.

A

thermoreceptors

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18
Q

__________ sense physical deformation, touch, muscle length/tension, and are part of auditory/vestibular receptors.

A

mechanoreceptors

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19
Q

______ sense pain.

A

nociceptors

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20
Q

Muscle spindles are types of __________, which sense position of the body in space.

A

proprioceptors

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21
Q

Visceral receptors:

Hollow organs, such as blood vessels, possess _________ to sense changes in pressure. Other visceral receptors, such as the carotid body, detect chemical changes (ex: partial pressure of O2), and are _______.

A
  • mechanoreceptors

- chemoreceptors

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22
Q

Receptor Organization:

Stimuli are detected at the _______ area. Messages are then sent through the _______ area (often a cleft). Physical stimuli (such as neurotransmitters) are then converted into electrical signals, generating _____ _____ that is decipherable by the nervous system.

A
  • receptive
  • synaptic
  • receptor potential
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23
Q

Receptor potentials (electrical signals) tell the nervous system the ______ and ______ of a stimulus.

A
  • intensity

- duration

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24
Q

Information about the location of a stimulus is recorded in the ______ _______. This information is preserved via “______” patterns in the ascending sensory pathways.

Ex: can feel specific pinprick location on patch of skin

A
  • receptive field

- wiring

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25
Q

Receptor Adaptation:

Except in nociceptors (for pain), a prolonged stimulus _____ the sensitivity of receptors to that stimulus.

A

decreases

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26
Q

Receptors that adapt slowly are called ____ _____ receptors (ex: muscle spindle ). If they adapt quickly, they are ______ _______ receptors (ex: hair receptor quickly stops caring if hair is moved).

A
  • slow adapting

- rapidly adapting

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27
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

The CNS can change the sensitivity of receptors.

A

True

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28
Q

_____ _____ ______ on muscles detect pain, or act as chemoreceptors for the extracellular environment.

A

free nerve endings

29
Q

2 types of encapsulated receptors:

A
  • muscle spindles (fastest conduction)

- golgi tendon organs (GTO) (very fast conduction)

30
Q

______ ______ detect muscle LENGTH. Their anatomy is a group of intrafusal muscle fibers inside a central _______. The center also has _____ endings.

A
  • muscle spindles
  • capsule
  • sensory
31
Q

In muscle spindles, intrafusal fibers are attached to ______ fibers so the all muscle nerve fibers are stretched when a muscle moves.

A

extrafusal

32
Q

At muscle-tendon junctions, muscle TENSION is detected by ______ _____ ______.

A

golgi tendon organs

33
Q

_____ ______ ______ are receptor complexes consisting of collagen bundles within a capsule perforated by sensory fibers. Muscle contraction distorts the capsule, stimulating the fibers.

A

golgi tendon organs

34
Q

The spinal cord is organized into segments according to ______ ______.

A

nerve roots

31 segments = 8C, 12T, 5L, 5S, 1Co

35
Q

At the posterolateral sulcus, ______ rootlets exit the spinal cord. The anterolateral sulcus provides an exit for _____ rootlets.

A
  • dorsal

- ventral

36
Q

When rootlets coalesce, dorsal and ventral _____ are formed. The dorsal portion has a ____ _____ _____ (collection of sensory neuron cell bodies). After this, the _____ nerves are formed.

A
  • roots
  • dorsal root ganglion
  • spinal
37
Q

Except C1, each spinal nerve innervates one ________. These sensory regions help deduce levels of cord lesions.

A

dermatome

38
Q

The caudal end of the spinal cord is known as the _____ _______.

A

conus medullaris

39
Q

The spinal cord features two “enlargement” regions of increased motor neurons to supply the extremities. These are the _______ enlargement (arms) and ______ enlargement (legs).

A
  • cervical (C5-T1) (brachial plexus)

- lumbar (L2-S3) (lumbosacral plexus)

40
Q

______ fibers enter the spinal cord via dorsal roots. They stay ipsilater, and may terminate in the _______ horn, or ascend to the ______.

A
  • sensory (afferent)
  • dorsal (posterior)
  • medulla
41
Q

______ neurons are located in the ______ horn, leave via the ventral roots, and are modulated by descending fibers.

A
  • motor (efferent)

- ventral (anterior)

42
Q

Stereotyped motor outputs involving neural circuits within the spinal cord are called ______. One sensory signal directly determines the motor output without cranial input.

A

reflexes

43
Q

Cervical & Thoracic Spinal Cord:

Sulci of the cervical/thoracic spinal cord on the posterior side include the posterior _______ sulcus, posterior _____ sulcus, and _________ sulcus. (Names hint position)

A
  • median
  • intermediate
  • posterolateral
44
Q

Cervical & Thoracic Spinal Cord:

Anterior cervical/thoracic sulci include the _______ sulcus and anterior ______ ______.

A
  • anterolateral

- median fissure

45
Q

Lumbosacral spinal cord:

Anatomical features of the lumbosacral spinal cord include the posterior _______ ______ and the posterior & anterior roots of _____ ______.

A
  • median sulcus

- cauda equina

46
Q

The anterior median fissure of the spinal cord houses the _____ _____ artery. At the innermost portion of the fissure rests the anterior ______ _______, where the two sides of the spinal cord communicate.

A
  • anterior spinal

- white commissure

47
Q

The spinal cord houses the gray matter in an ___-shape, and white matter in _______ surrounding the gray mater.

A
  • H

- funiculi

48
Q

Gray matter in the spinal cord consists mostly of ______.

A

interneurons

49
Q

The posterior spinal gray matter houses the _____ ____ for pain/temperature.

A

substantia gelatinosa

50
Q

The entrance to the posterior gray matter in the spinal cord is called ________ tract.

A

Lissauer’s

51
Q

The anterior horn of the spinal cord houses ______ ______ neurons that individually innervate single skeletal muscle FIBERS.

A

lower motor (or alpha)

52
Q

In the anterior horn, muscle SPINDLES are innervated by _______-______ neurons.

A

gamma motor

53
Q

Two specialized columns in the anterior horn [at the cervical level] are the _____ ______ nucleus for the CN XI and the ______ nucleus for the phrenic nerve.

A
  • spinal accessory

- phrenic

54
Q

All preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located at levels ____-____, exit the _______ horn.

A
  • T1 - L3

- anterior

55
Q

All sacral preganglionic parasympathetic neurons are located at levels ____-_____, exit the ________ horn.

A
  • S2 - S4

- anterior

56
Q

A collection of neurons in the medial surface of intermediate gray matter from T1 - L2 that relays proprioceptive information to the cerebellum from the legs is _______ nucleus.

A

Clarke’s

57
Q

Embryologically, in month ____, the spinal cord extends the entire length of the embryo. At birth, the spinal cord only extends to L1, and inferior innervation is supplied by the _____ ______ (“horse tail”) and _______ _______.

A
  • 3
  • cauda equina
  • filum terminale
58
Q

Pia-arachnoid extensions that suspend the spinal cord are called _______ ________.

A

denticulate ligaments

59
Q

Conus medullaris is anchored the end of the dural sheath and coccyx via _______ _______.

A

filum terminale

60
Q

What are the 4 components of a reflex arc? Give the location of each.

A
  1. receptor
  2. afferent neuron (dorsal root ganglion)
  3. efferent neuron (CNS)
  4. interneurons (gray matter b/w dorsal & ventral horns)
  • note: interneurons NOT present in stretch reflex
61
Q

The simplest reflex, the ______ reflex, is monosynaptic: 2 neurons with 1 synapse. It is important for posture.

  • AKA, “deep tendon reflex”
A

stretch

62
Q

If a skeletal muscle receives excessive tension, motor neurons can be inhibited via _____ _____ _____. These are a form of the reflex arc. At times, these can also be excitatory.

A

golgi tendon organs

63
Q

The artery that lies in the anterior median sulcus of the spinal cord and is supplied by the vertebral arteries is called the ______ _______ artery.

A

anterior spinal

64
Q

The artery that branches from the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) into the posterolateral sulcus of the spinal cord is called the _____ ______ artery.

A

posterior spinal

65
Q

Add lower levels, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries are no longer sufficient for blood supply, and are aided by the _______ arteries.

A

radicular

66
Q

One of the most prominent radicular arteries at T12 that supplies large amounts of the lumbosacral cord is known as the _______ _______ artery (of Adamkiewicz).

A

greater radicular

67
Q

The lateral funiculi and anterior horns are supplied by the ______ _____ artery.

A

anterior spinal

68
Q

The dorsal columns and posterior horns are supplied by the ______ _______ artery.

A

posterior spinal

SP15 Neuroanatomy - Dr. Pierson (10 decks)

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