Lecture 1 - Intro and Gross Brain Structure 1

Question 1

2 divisions of nervous system

Answer 1

• CNS = brain & spinal cord

- PNS = spinal & cranial nerves that transmit to CNS

Question 2

3 subdivisions of brain

Answer 2

• cerebrum (2 hemispheres, diencephalon)
• cerebellum
• brainstem

Question 3

What is the structural/functional unit of nervous system that receives and transmits bioelectrical signals across synapses?

Answer 3

neuron

Question 4

Parts of a neuron:

Answer 4

• cell body

- neurites (dendrites and axons)

Question 5

Neurons receive information with ______ processes and send information with _______ processes. Both types of processes are linked to the neuron _____ _____.

Answer 5

• afferent
• efferent
• cell body

Question 6

3 small neurotransmitters:

Answer 6

• glutamate (excitatory)
• GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) (inhibitory)
• Acetylcholine (ACh) (both)

Question 7

3 monoamine neurotransmitters:

Answer 7

• dopamine (excitatory)
• Epi & NorEpi (excitatory)
• serotonin (5-HT) (excitatory)

Question 8

2 neuropeptide neurotransmitters:

Answer 8

• ACTH

- Substance P

Question 9

Anterior, dorsal, rostral, and caudal are directional terms in neuroanatomy. The axis they indicate is relative to the ______ _______ in the brain, or in respect to the _____ ______ inferior to the brain.

Answer 9

• cephalic flexure

- spinal cord

Question 10

2 types of nerve cell bodies:

Answer 10

• nucleus

- ganglion

Question 11

3 types of axons in CNS:

1 axon term in PNS:

Answer 11

• tract
• lemniscus
• peduncle
• nerve

Question 12

same side

Answer 12

ipsilateral

Question 13

opposite side

Answer 13

contralateral

Question 14

both sides

Answer 14

bilateral

Question 15

pyramidal division

Answer 15

decussation

Question 16

band of nervous tissue connecting 2 hemispheres of brain, or parts of spinal cord

Answer 16

commissure (called corpus callosum in cerebrum)

Question 17

4 section planes

Answer 17

• sagittal (midline)
• parasagittal (parallel to midline)
• coronal/frontal (dorsal and ventral)
• transverse/horizontal (top and bottom)

Question 18

Ridges of the cerebrum are ______. Grooves are _____ (or _____ if they’re deep). This structure increases _____ _____.

Answer 18

• gyri
• sulci
• fissures
• surface area

Question 19

5 lobes of cerebrum

Answer 19

• frontal (front)
• parietal (top, mid)
• occipital (back)
• temporal (side)
• limbic (deep)

Question 20

Frontal Lobe (posterior anatomy): 
Directly anterior to the central sulcus (posterior to frontal lobe), and posterior to the frontal gyri are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 20

• Precentral sulcus

- Precentral gyrus

Question 21

Frontal Lobe (anterior anatomy):
The \_\_\_\_\_ gyri is lateral to the cerebral hemisphere and most superior. The \_\_\_\_\_ gyri is central. The \_\_\_\_\_\_ gyri is lowest.

Answer 21

• superior frontal
• middle frontal
• inferior frontal

Question 22

Frontal Lobe (inferior anatomy):
\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ only contains the orbital gyrus. Superior to this is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sulcus, containing the olfactory bulb and tract.

Answer 22

• gyrus rectus

- olfactory

Question 23

Frontal Lobe: 4 functional areas

Answer 23

• precentral gyrus
• premotor & supplemental motor areas
• Broca’s area
• Prefrontal cortex

Question 24

Frontal Lobe:

Initiation of voluntary movement is done by the ______ gyrus and __________ _______ areas. Speech and language are associated with ________ area. Executive function (personality, insight) are done by the _____ ______.

Answer 24

• Precentral
• Premotor and supplemental motor
• Broca’s
• Prefrontal cortex

Question 25

Parietal Lobe (Lateral Anatomy): Directly posterior to postcentral sulcus is the ______ ______ gyrus. Further posteriorly is are the _____ and _______ lobules.

Answer 25

- postcentral - superior parietal - inferior parietal

Question 26

Parietal Lobe (Medial Anatomy): Most superior is the ________ lobule. Posterio-inferior to this is the ______.

Answer 26

- paracentral | - precuneus

Question 27

Parietal Lobe: Proprioception and tactile information are processed at the ______ gyrus. Language comprehension occurs in the _______ _______ lobule. The remainder of the parietal cortex processes _________ and directing attention.

Answer 27

- postcentral - inferior parietal - spatial orientation

Question 28

Temporal Lobe (Lateral Anatomy): - The temporal gyri are divided into what 3 parts? - Which gyrus contains the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 28

- superior, middle, inferior temporal | - superior

Question 29

Temporal Lobe (Inferior Anatomy): Which gyrus contacts the occipital lobe?

Answer 29

Occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus

Question 30

Temporal Lobe: Language comprehension is performed in _______ area. Auditory learning and memory occur in the ______ lobe. Much of the temporal lobe also participates in higher order ______ processing.

Answer 30

- Wernike's - medial - visual

Question 31

Occipital Lobe (Anatomy): 1 Lateral Part 2 Medial Parts

Answer 31

- Lateral: lateral occipital gyri | - Medial: cuneus gyrus, lingual gyrus

Question 32

Occipitial Lobe: Main function is ______. Houses the _____ _____ cortex. The occipital lobe shares its function with the ____ lobe of the cerebrum.

Answer 32

- vision - primary visual - temporal

Question 33

Limbic Lobe (Anatomy): The ______ gyrus forms a C-shape around the corpus callosum. The _______ gyrus is inferior to the diencephalon.

Answer 33

- cingulate | - parahippocampal

Question 34

Limbic Lobe: Main functions are associated with what?

Answer 34

emotions, memory, drive/urge behavior

Question 35

What is the name of the "hidden lobe" of the cerebrum? Where is it located?

Answer 35

- insula | - deep in lateral sulcus; covered by frontal, parietal, temporal lobes; above diencephalon

Question 36

4 divisions of diencephalon:

Answer 36

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

Question 37

Which gland is associated with the epithalamus?

Answer 37

pineal gland

Question 38

The _______, part of the diencephalon, is superior to the hypothalamus, and is inferiorly attached to the 3rd ventricle by the _____ _______. Anterior to it is the ________ adhesion.

Answer 38

- thalamus - stria medullaris - intrathalamic

Question 39

Thalamus: ALL sensory information except _______ travels through the thalamus before reaching the cerebral cortex. The thalamus is also involved in ______ system neural circuits with the cerebellum and basal ganglia, and receives projections from the ______ system.

Answer 39

- olfaction - motor - limbic

Question 40

The thalamus and hypothalamus are separated by the _______ _________ in the wall of the ___ ventricle.

Answer 40

- hypothalamic sulcus | - 3rd

Question 41

The inferior surface of the hypothalamus contains _______ _______.

Answer 41

- mammillary bodies

Question 42

The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by the ________.

Answer 42

- infundibulum

Question 43

The major visceral control center of the body is the _______. This structure also has _____ functions.

Answer 43

- hypothalamus | - limbic