Lecture 1 - Intro and Gross Brain Structure 1 Flashcards
2 divisions of nervous system
- CNS = brain & spinal cord
- PNS = spinal & cranial nerves that transmit to CNS
3 subdivisions of brain
- cerebrum (2 hemispheres, diencephalon)
- cerebellum
- brainstem
What is the structural/functional unit of nervous system that receives and transmits bioelectrical signals across synapses?
neuron
Parts of a neuron:
- cell body
- neurites (dendrites and axons)
Neurons receive information with ______ processes and send information with _______ processes. Both types of processes are linked to the neuron _____ _____.
- afferent
- efferent
- cell body
3 small neurotransmitters:
- glutamate (excitatory)
- GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) (inhibitory)
- Acetylcholine (ACh) (both)
3 monoamine neurotransmitters:
- dopamine (excitatory)
- Epi & NorEpi (excitatory)
- serotonin (5-HT) (excitatory)
2 neuropeptide neurotransmitters:
- ACTH
- Substance P
Anterior, dorsal, rostral, and caudal are directional terms in neuroanatomy. The axis they indicate is relative to the ______ _______ in the brain, or in respect to the _____ ______ inferior to the brain.
- cephalic flexure
- spinal cord
2 types of nerve cell bodies:
- nucleus
- ganglion
3 types of axons in CNS:
1 axon term in PNS:
- tract
- lemniscus
- peduncle
- nerve
same side
ipsilateral
opposite side
contralateral
both sides
bilateral
pyramidal division
decussation
band of nervous tissue connecting 2 hemispheres of brain, or parts of spinal cord
commissure (called corpus callosum in cerebrum)
4 section planes
- sagittal (midline)
- parasagittal (parallel to midline)
- coronal/frontal (dorsal and ventral)
- transverse/horizontal (top and bottom)
Ridges of the cerebrum are ______. Grooves are _____ (or _____ if they’re deep). This structure increases _____ _____.
- gyri
- sulci
- fissures
- surface area
5 lobes of cerebrum
- frontal (front)
- parietal (top, mid)
- occipital (back)
- temporal (side)
- limbic (deep)
Frontal Lobe (posterior anatomy): Directly anterior to the central sulcus (posterior to frontal lobe), and posterior to the frontal gyri are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
- Precentral sulcus
- Precentral gyrus
Frontal Lobe (anterior anatomy): The \_\_\_\_\_ gyri is lateral to the cerebral hemisphere and most superior. The \_\_\_\_\_ gyri is central. The \_\_\_\_\_\_ gyri is lowest.
- superior frontal
- middle frontal
- inferior frontal
Frontal Lobe (inferior anatomy): \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ only contains the orbital gyrus. Superior to this is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sulcus, containing the olfactory bulb and tract.
- gyrus rectus
- olfactory
Frontal Lobe: 4 functional areas
- precentral gyrus
- premotor & supplemental motor areas
- Broca’s area
- Prefrontal cortex
Frontal Lobe:
Initiation of voluntary movement is done by the ______ gyrus and __________ _______ areas. Speech and language are associated with ________ area. Executive function (personality, insight) are done by the _____ ______.
- Precentral
- Premotor and supplemental motor
- Broca’s
- Prefrontal cortex
Parietal Lobe (Lateral Anatomy):
Directly posterior to postcentral sulcus is the ______ ______ gyrus. Further posteriorly is are the _____ and _______ lobules.
- postcentral
- superior parietal
- inferior parietal
Parietal Lobe (Medial Anatomy):
Most superior is the ________ lobule. Posterio-inferior to this is the ______.
- paracentral
- precuneus
Parietal Lobe:
Proprioception and tactile information are processed at the ______ gyrus. Language comprehension occurs in the _______ _______ lobule. The remainder of the parietal cortex processes _________ and directing attention.
- postcentral
- inferior parietal
- spatial orientation
Temporal Lobe (Lateral Anatomy):
- The temporal gyri are divided into what 3 parts?
- Which gyrus contains the primary auditory cortex?
- superior, middle, inferior temporal
- superior
Temporal Lobe (Inferior Anatomy):
Which gyrus contacts the occipital lobe?
Occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus
Temporal Lobe:
Language comprehension is performed in _______ area. Auditory learning and memory occur in the ______ lobe. Much of the temporal lobe also participates in higher order ______ processing.
- Wernike’s
- medial
- visual
Occipital Lobe (Anatomy):
1 Lateral Part
2 Medial Parts
- Lateral: lateral occipital gyri
- Medial: cuneus gyrus, lingual gyrus
Occipitial Lobe:
Main function is ______. Houses the _____ _____ cortex. The occipital lobe shares its function with the ____ lobe of the cerebrum.
- vision
- primary visual
- temporal
Limbic Lobe (Anatomy):
The ______ gyrus forms a C-shape around the corpus callosum. The _______ gyrus is inferior to the diencephalon.
- cingulate
- parahippocampal
Limbic Lobe:
Main functions are associated with what?
emotions, memory, drive/urge behavior
What is the name of the “hidden lobe” of the cerebrum? Where is it located?
- insula
- deep in lateral sulcus; covered by frontal, parietal, temporal lobes; above diencephalon
4 divisions of diencephalon:
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus
Which gland is associated with the epithalamus?
pineal gland
The _______, part of the diencephalon, is superior to the hypothalamus, and is inferiorly attached to the 3rd ventricle by the _____ _______. Anterior to it is the ________ adhesion.
- thalamus
- stria medullaris
- intrathalamic
Thalamus:
ALL sensory information except _______ travels through the thalamus before reaching the cerebral cortex. The thalamus is also involved in ______ system neural circuits with the cerebellum and basal ganglia, and receives projections from the ______ system.
- olfaction
- motor
- limbic
The thalamus and hypothalamus are separated by the _______ _________ in the wall of the ___ ventricle.
- hypothalamic sulcus
- 3rd
The inferior surface of the hypothalamus contains _______ _______.
- mammillary bodies
The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by the ________.
- infundibulum
The major visceral control center of the body is the _______. This structure also has _____ functions.
- hypothalamus
- limbic
