Lecture 1 - Intro and Gross Brain Structure 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Brainstem:
- 3 subdivisions:
A
- midbrain, pons, medulla
2
Q
The brainstem conveys information to and from the ______ of the brain. Radiating from it are the ______ nerves.
A
- cerebrum
- cranial nerves
3
Q
The cranial nerve terminating at the olfactory bulb at the anterior end of the olfactory tract is the _____ nerve.
A
- olfactory (CN I)
4
Q
The ______ nerves join into the optic chiasm posteriorly and give rise to the optic tracts. The optic tracts then end at the ______. Embryologically, these nerves are part of the _______, so they are part of the CNS (not PNS).
A
- optic (CN II)
- thalamus
- diencephalon
5
Q
CN III, also known as the ______ nerve, emerges from the ________ fossa posterior to CN II.
A
- occulomotor (CN III)
- interpeduncular
6
Q
The _____ nerve is the only CN to arise from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem.
A
- trochlear (CN IV)
7
Q
CN’s _____ all arise from the pons.
A
- CN V - VIII
- trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII), vestibulocochlear (VIII)
8
Q
CN VIII (_______ nerve) arises from the pons, emerging from the ___________ angle.
A
- vestibulocochlear (VIII)
- cerebellopontine
9
Q
CN’s _______ all arise from the medulla.
A
- CN IX - XII
- glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI), hypoglossal (XII)
10
Q
CN XI (_______ nerve) of the medulla emerges from the upper cervical ______ _______, ascends into the ______, then reverses and goes back into the _____.
A
- accessory (XI)
- spinal cord
- skull
- neck
11
Q
The most medial aspect of the cerebellum, located on the midline between the two hemispheres is called the _____.
A
- vermis
12
Q
The HEMISPHERES of the cerebellum are divided into _____ and ______ sides based on functionality, not anatomy.
A
- medial
- lateral
13
Q
The vermal and hemispheric parts of the __________ lobe are lost during development, and hidden by the brainstem.
A
- flocculonodular
14
Q
The hemispheric part of the cerebellum is the _______, while the vermal part is the _______.
A
- flocculus
- nodule
15
Q
The flocculonodular lobe is important in mediating _____ movements, and is interconnected with the ______ system.
A
- eye
- vestibular
16
Q
The LOBES of the cerebellum are divided into the _____ and ______ based on their location relative to the primary fissure. The third lobe is the _______ lobe.
A
- anterior
- posterior
- flocculonodular
17
Q
The anterior lobe of the cerebellum receives input from the _____ _____, and is responsible for movement of the _____ and ______.
A
- spinal cord
- trunk
- limbs
18
Q
Many structures, such as the cerebrum, have a “____” shape due to embryological development.
A
- C
19
Q
3 basal ganglia of brain:
A
caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
20
Q
Basal ganglia (Anatomy):
The _____ is made of the caudate and putamen. The ________ nucleus is made of the putamen and globus pallidus.
A
- striatum
- lenticular
21
Q
The basal ganglia is separated from the thalamus by the ______ _______, a fiber bundle interconnecting cortex and deep structures.
A
internal capsule
22
Q
The basal ganglia function is associated with _____ ______.
A
movement control
23
Q
In a coronal section of the brain, the globus pallidus is _____ to the putamen. The putamen is ______ to the insula (hidden lobe) of the cerebrum. Both globus pallidus and the putamen are superior to the _______, and lateral to the _______ ______.
A
- medial
- medial
- amygdala
- third ventricle
24
Q
Limbic System (emotions):
The ______ is found beneath the uncus in the temporal lobe. The hippocampus is located in the medial _____ lobe.
A
- amygdala
- temporal
25
A cavity of embryonic neural tube, filled with CSF made in the ______ ______ is called a ________.
- choroid plexus
| - ventricle
26
3 roles of ventricles:
- suspend brain
- regulate ECF composition
- path for neurotransmitter distribution in CNS
27
4 ventricles of CNS:
The 2 _____ ventricles mirror the posterior aspects of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The ___ ventricle is between the thalami of the diencephalon. The ___ ventricle is anterior to the cerebellum.
- lateral
- 3rd
- 4th
28
The lateral ventricles drain CSF to the 3rd ventricle via the ________ ________. The 3rd ventricle drains CSF to the 4th ventricle via the ______ _______ of the midbrain. The 4th ventricle then drains to the central canal of the spinal cord via the _____.
- interventricular foramen (of Monroe)
- cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
- obex
29
CSF is produced in the _____ ______ of the ventricles. This structure is made of modified ependymal cells.
choroid plexus
30
Large CSF filled spaces between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater are called _______ ________. The largest of these spaces is _____ _____.
- subarachnoid cisterns
| - cisterna magna
31
After the 4th ventricle, CSF can drain into the ______ and ______ apertures.
median, lateral
32
The lateral aperture of the 4th ventricle allows CSF to drain _______ to the spinal cord and _____-______ around the cerebrum.
- anterior
| - anterio-superiorly
33
The median aperture of the 4th ventricle allows CSF to drain into the cisterna magna, then _______ to the spinal cord and ______-______ around the cerebrum.
- posterior
| - posterio-superiorly
34
When CSF pressure is greater than venous pressure, the venous blood flow reabsorbs CSF through valves called ____ _____.
- arachnoid villi ( arachnoid granulations)
35
_________ is a buildup of fluid inside the skull that leads to brain swelling.
Hydrocephalus
36
An increase in pressure forces the uncus of the temporal lobe against the tentorium and brainstem in an ______ herniation.
uncal
37
The tonsils of the cerebellum protrude into the foramen magnum during a _______ herniation.
tonsillar
38
The cingulate gyrus of the frontal lobe is pushed under the falx cerebri during a __________ herniation.
subfalcine
39
The brain and spinal cord coverings, or _______, suspend the brain and spinal cord, and allow it to turn with the head. ______ aids these coverings by acting as a buyoant, shock-absorbing liquid to support the brain.
- meninges
| - CSF
40
From most superficial to deep, what are the 3 layers of the cranial meninges? Which layers compose the leptomeninges?
- dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
| - arachnoid + pia
41
CSF is housed in the ________ space.
subarachnoid
42
Purpose of dura mater:
mechanical strength
43
The dura mater is composed of 2 layers: the outer layer, the ______, adheres to the inner skull; the inner layer is the ______ dura.
- periosteal
| - meningeal
44
Potential spaces can develop in the dura mater. Between the dura and calvaria (skull) is an ______ space. Beneath the innermost dural layer, a _____ space can form.
- epidural
| - subdural
45
A tear in the meningeal arteries between the skull and dura leads to a _______ hematoma. A ______ hematoma occurs when bridging veins are torn.
- epidural
| - subdural
46
The two dura reflections are the _____ _____ between cerebral hemispheres and ______ ______ between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
- falx cerebri
| - tentorium cerebelli
47
The space in the tentorium cerebelli where the brainstem passes through is called the ______ ______.
tentorial notch/incisure
48
Bilateral portions of dural reflections are not fused. They remain open for _____ blood flow through sinuses lined by ______.
- venous
| - endothelium
49
Along the superior portion of the falx cerebri, blood flows through the _____ _____ sinus. Superior of the tentorium is the ______ sinus that is bilaterally paired. Passing along the line where falx and tentorium fuse is the _____ sinus. Together, these meet at the _______ __ ______.
- superior saggital
- transverse
- straight
- confluence of sinuses
50
2 largest supplies of arterial blood to CNS:
- internal carotid artery
| - vertebral artery
51
Internal Carotid Artery, Circle of Willis (Anatomy):
- Ascends neck, traverses petrous ______ bone, goes through ______ sinus, and acts as the source of the ______ artery as the ICA enters the subarachnoid space.
- temporal
- cavernous
- ophthalmic
52
Internal Carotid Artery, Circle of Willis (Anatomy):
- Travels along optic _______, bifurcates into _____ (MCA) and ______ ______ (ACA) arteries.
- chiasm
- middle cerebral
- anterior cerebral
53
Circle of Willis:
The anterior choroidal artery is a long, thin branch of the ____ _____ artery. It is involved with ______.
- internal carotid artery (ICA)
| - strokes
54
Circle of Willis:
The optic tract, choroid plexus, internal capsule, thalamus, and hippocampus are all supplied by the _____ ______ artery.
anterior choroidal
55
Circle of Willis:
The middle cerebral artery (MCA)/internal carotid artery and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) are joined by the _____ _______ artery inferior to the optic tract.
posterior communicating
56
The ACA (____ _____ artery) runs through the longitudinal fissure, then follows the ____ ______.
- anterior cerebral
| - corpus callosum
57
The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) supplies the _____ and ______ lobes.
- frontal
| - parietal
58
The two anterior cerebral arteries (ACA) are joined by the _____ _____ artery.
- anterior communicating
59
The _____ ______ artery travels into the lateral sulcus, divides into many branches, and supplies most of the lateral cerebral hemispheres.
middle cerebral
60
A mass of arteries between the cerebral peduncles and around the optic chiasm area that supply the basal ganglia, thalamus, and internal capsule are known as the _______ arteries.
perforating
- ex: anterior choroidal artery (ACha), lenticulostriate artery (LsA)
61
The _______-______ system of arteries eventually supplies the circle of Willis. It arises from the fusion of the vertebral arteries into the basilar artery at the _____ of the brainstem. It supplies the ______ and _______.
- vertebral-basilar
- pons
- brainstem
- cerebellum
62
Vertebral-Basilar System:
Prior to fusing into the basilar artery, the vertebral arteries give off the _______ ______ arteries, supplying the posterior 1/3 of spinal cord.
posterior spinal
63
Vertebral-Basilar System:
Prior to fusing into the basilar artery, the vertebral arteries give off the _____ ______ arteries, supplying the anterior 2/3 of spinal cord.
anterior spinal
64
Vertebral-Basilar System:
Prior to fusing into the basilar artery, the vertebral arteries give off the _____ arteries, supplying the inferior cerebellum and lateral medulla.
PICA (posterior inferior cerebellar artery)
65
Circle of Willis:
The terminal bifurcation of the basilar artery forms 2 ______'s.
PCA (posterior cerebral arteries)
66
Circle of WIllis:
Before it bifurcates, the basilar artery gives rise to _____ and ______ arteries.
- AICA (anterior inferior cerebellar arteries)
| - SCA (superior cerebellar artery)
67
Circle of WIllis:
AICA supplies the ______ cerebellum (flocculus) and caudal _____.
- inferior
| - pons
68
Circle of Willis:
SCA supplies 3 things:
- superior cerebellum
- caudal midbrain
- rostral pons
69
Circle of Willis:
The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) supplies the medial & inferior surfaces of the ______ and _______ lobes of the cerebrum. There are also branches to the rostral ______ and posterior _______.
- temporal
- occipital
- midbrain
- diencephalon
70
Circle of Willis:
The internal carotid and vertebral-basilar system are linked by the _____ ______ artery.
posterior communicating
71
Circle of Willis:
The _____ ______ artery connects the right and left sides of the circle of Willis.
anterior communicating
72
TRUE or FALSE:
The posterior communicating arteries that link the internal carotid and vertebral-basilar system have little blood flow/interchange.
True
73
Occlusion of a vessel in the circle of Willis can still allow adequate blood supply via ________ flow.
anastomatic
74
3 mechanisms for cerebral blood flow regulation:
1. ________: vasoconstriction (if low pressure) and vasodilation (if pressure is high)
2. _______ ______: brain and vessel collaboration in response to increased brain activity
3. _______ _______ (?)
1. autoregulation
2. glutamate sensing
3. cerebral vascular autonomics
75
The anatomic and physiologic barrier that controls movement of materials from extracellular fluid of body to extracellular fluid of brain is the ____ _____ _____.
blood-brain barrier
76
3 components of the blood-brain barrier:
- arachnoid mater
- endothelial tight junctions
- lack of pinocytic vessels
77
In the blood-brain barrier, diffusion of _____-soluble substances occurs freely. ______ is transported by facilitated diffusion. Everything else must use ATP to cross via _______ transport.
- lipid
- glucose
- active
78
Areas where fenestrations of cerebral capillaries allow communication between blood and brain extracellular fluid are called ____________ organs.
circumventricular
79
Circumventricular organs are located around the ______ and ______ ventricles.
- 3rd
| - 4th
80
Circumventricular organs have sensory functions to monitor ______ composition. Others release ______ from neurons into the bloodstream.
- CSF
| - hormones
81
Circumventricular organs have specialized ependymal cells called ________ , which overlie the ventricular surface.
tanycytes
82
Venous drainage of the brain starts in the ______ veins of the brain. It then drains into the ______ sinuses, and finally into the _____ ______ vein and ______ venous plexus at the base of the brain/apex of spinal cord.
- cerebral
- dural
- internal jugular (IJV)
- epidural
83
The cerebral venous system is unique because it has many ______, unlike the rest of the body.
anastomoses
84
Venous Drainage:
Superficial drainage of the brain usually empties into the _____ _____ sinus. Deep drainage of internal structures empty into the ______ sinus.
- superior saggital
| - straight
85
Venous Drainage:
Superior veins drain into ______ ______ sinus and ______ ______ sinus. Inferior veins drain into ______ sinus and ______ sinus.
- superior saggital (SSS)
- inferior saggital (ISS)
- transverse
- cavernous
86
Venous Drainage (superficial):
3 main superficial veins:
- superficial middle cerebral vein
- superior anastomotic vein (of Trolard)
- inferior anastomotic vein (of Labbé)
87
Venous Drainage (deep):
The main vein of the deep drainage system is the _____ _____ vein. These veins are _____ than superficial veins.
- internal cerebral
| - smaller
88
Venous Drainage (deep):
The ______ _______ vein is formed by the confluence of the septal, thalamostriate, and choroidal veins. This paired vein eventually fuses to form the _______ _____ vein (of Galen), then flows to the ______ sinus.
- internal cerebral
- great cerebral
- straight
89
Venous Drainage (deep):
The _____ vein (of Rosenthal) forms near the optic chiasm, and drains the orbitofrontal cortex, insula, inferior basal ganglia, and parts of the temporal lobe. It joins the _____ _____ vein (of Galen) before draining into the _____ sinus.
- basal
- great cerebral
- straight
