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SP15 Neuroanatomy - Dr. Pierson > Lecture 1 - Intro and Gross Brain Structure 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Intro and Gross Brain Structure 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Brainstem:

- 3 subdivisions:

A
  • midbrain, pons, medulla
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2
Q

The brainstem conveys information to and from the ______ of the brain. Radiating from it are the ______ nerves.

A
  • cerebrum

- cranial nerves

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3
Q

The cranial nerve terminating at the olfactory bulb at the anterior end of the olfactory tract is the _____ nerve.

A
  • olfactory (CN I)
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4
Q

The ______ nerves join into the optic chiasm posteriorly and give rise to the optic tracts. The optic tracts then end at the ______. Embryologically, these nerves are part of the _______, so they are part of the CNS (not PNS).

A
  • optic (CN II)
  • thalamus
  • diencephalon
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5
Q

CN III, also known as the ______ nerve, emerges from the ________ fossa posterior to CN II.

A
  • occulomotor (CN III)

- interpeduncular

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6
Q

The _____ nerve is the only CN to arise from the dorsal aspect of the brainstem.

A
  • trochlear (CN IV)
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7
Q

CN’s _____ all arise from the pons.

A
  • CN V - VIII

- trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII), vestibulocochlear (VIII)

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8
Q

CN VIII (_______ nerve) arises from the pons, emerging from the ___________ angle.

A
  • vestibulocochlear (VIII)

- cerebellopontine

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9
Q

CN’s _______ all arise from the medulla.

A
  • CN IX - XII

- glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI), hypoglossal (XII)

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10
Q

CN XI (_______ nerve) of the medulla emerges from the upper cervical ______ _______, ascends into the ______, then reverses and goes back into the _____.

A
  • accessory (XI)
  • spinal cord
  • skull
  • neck
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11
Q

The most medial aspect of the cerebellum, located on the midline between the two hemispheres is called the _____.

A
  • vermis
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12
Q

The HEMISPHERES of the cerebellum are divided into _____ and ______ sides based on functionality, not anatomy.

A
  • medial

- lateral

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13
Q

The vermal and hemispheric parts of the __________ lobe are lost during development, and hidden by the brainstem.

A
  • flocculonodular
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14
Q

The hemispheric part of the cerebellum is the _______, while the vermal part is the _______.

A
  • flocculus

- nodule

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15
Q

The flocculonodular lobe is important in mediating _____ movements, and is interconnected with the ______ system.

A
  • eye

- vestibular

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16
Q

The LOBES of the cerebellum are divided into the _____ and ______ based on their location relative to the primary fissure. The third lobe is the _______ lobe.

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • flocculonodular
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17
Q

The anterior lobe of the cerebellum receives input from the _____ _____, and is responsible for movement of the _____ and ______.

A
  • spinal cord
  • trunk
  • limbs
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18
Q

Many structures, such as the cerebrum, have a “____” shape due to embryological development.

A
  • C
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19
Q

3 basal ganglia of brain:

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

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20
Q

Basal ganglia (Anatomy):

The _____ is made of the caudate and putamen. The ________ nucleus is made of the putamen and globus pallidus.

A
  • striatum

- lenticular

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21
Q

The basal ganglia is separated from the thalamus by the ______ _______, a fiber bundle interconnecting cortex and deep structures.

A

internal capsule

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22
Q

The basal ganglia function is associated with _____ ______.

A

movement control

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23
Q

In a coronal section of the brain, the globus pallidus is _____ to the putamen. The putamen is ______ to the insula (hidden lobe) of the cerebrum. Both globus pallidus and the putamen are superior to the _______, and lateral to the _______ ______.

A
  • medial
  • medial
  • amygdala
  • third ventricle
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24
Q

Limbic System (emotions):

The ______ is found beneath the uncus in the temporal lobe. The hippocampus is located in the medial _____ lobe.

A
  • amygdala

- temporal

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25
Q

A cavity of embryonic neural tube, filled with CSF made in the ______ ______ is called a ________.

A
  • choroid plexus

- ventricle

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26
Q

3 roles of ventricles:

A
  • suspend brain
  • regulate ECF composition
  • path for neurotransmitter distribution in CNS
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27
Q

4 ventricles of CNS:

The 2 _____ ventricles mirror the posterior aspects of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The ___ ventricle is between the thalami of the diencephalon. The ___ ventricle is anterior to the cerebellum.

A
  • lateral
  • 3rd
  • 4th
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28
Q

The lateral ventricles drain CSF to the 3rd ventricle via the ________ ________. The 3rd ventricle drains CSF to the 4th ventricle via the ______ _______ of the midbrain. The 4th ventricle then drains to the central canal of the spinal cord via the _____.

A
  • interventricular foramen (of Monroe)
  • cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)
  • obex
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29
Q

CSF is produced in the _____ ______ of the ventricles. This structure is made of modified ependymal cells.

A

choroid plexus

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30
Q

Large CSF filled spaces between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater are called _______ ________. The largest of these spaces is _____ _____.

A
  • subarachnoid cisterns

- cisterna magna

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31
Q

After the 4th ventricle, CSF can drain into the ______ and ______ apertures.

A

median, lateral

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32
Q

The lateral aperture of the 4th ventricle allows CSF to drain _______ to the spinal cord and _____-______ around the cerebrum.

A
  • anterior

- anterio-superiorly

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33
Q

The median aperture of the 4th ventricle allows CSF to drain into the cisterna magna, then _______ to the spinal cord and ______-______ around the cerebrum.

A
  • posterior

- posterio-superiorly

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34
Q

When CSF pressure is greater than venous pressure, the venous blood flow reabsorbs CSF through valves called ____ _____.

A
  • arachnoid villi ( arachnoid granulations)
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35
Q

_________ is a buildup of fluid inside the skull that leads to brain swelling.

A

Hydrocephalus

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36
Q

An increase in pressure forces the uncus of the temporal lobe against the tentorium and brainstem in an ______ herniation.

A

uncal

37
Q

The tonsils of the cerebellum protrude into the foramen magnum during a _______ herniation.

A

tonsillar

38
Q

The cingulate gyrus of the frontal lobe is pushed under the falx cerebri during a __________ herniation.

A

subfalcine

39
Q

The brain and spinal cord coverings, or _______, suspend the brain and spinal cord, and allow it to turn with the head. ______ aids these coverings by acting as a buyoant, shock-absorbing liquid to support the brain.

A
  • meninges

- CSF

40
Q

From most superficial to deep, what are the 3 layers of the cranial meninges? Which layers compose the leptomeninges?

A
  • dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

- arachnoid + pia

41
Q

CSF is housed in the ________ space.

A

subarachnoid

42
Q

Purpose of dura mater:

A

mechanical strength

43
Q

The dura mater is composed of 2 layers: the outer layer, the ______, adheres to the inner skull; the inner layer is the ______ dura.

A
  • periosteal

- meningeal

44
Q

Potential spaces can develop in the dura mater. Between the dura and calvaria (skull) is an ______ space. Beneath the innermost dural layer, a _____ space can form.

A
  • epidural

- subdural

45
Q

A tear in the meningeal arteries between the skull and dura leads to a _______ hematoma. A ______ hematoma occurs when bridging veins are torn.

A
  • epidural

- subdural

46
Q

The two dura reflections are the _____ _____ between cerebral hemispheres and ______ ______ between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

A
  • falx cerebri

- tentorium cerebelli

47
Q

The space in the tentorium cerebelli where the brainstem passes through is called the ______ ______.

A

tentorial notch/incisure

48
Q

Bilateral portions of dural reflections are not fused. They remain open for _____ blood flow through sinuses lined by ______.

A
  • venous

- endothelium

49
Q

Along the superior portion of the falx cerebri, blood flows through the _____ _____ sinus. Superior of the tentorium is the ______ sinus that is bilaterally paired. Passing along the line where falx and tentorium fuse is the _____ sinus. Together, these meet at the _______ __ ______.

A
  • superior saggital
  • transverse
  • straight
  • confluence of sinuses
50
Q

2 largest supplies of arterial blood to CNS:

A
  • internal carotid artery

- vertebral artery

51
Q

Internal Carotid Artery, Circle of Willis (Anatomy):

  • Ascends neck, traverses petrous ______ bone, goes through ______ sinus, and acts as the source of the ______ artery as the ICA enters the subarachnoid space.
A
  • temporal
  • cavernous
  • ophthalmic
52
Q

Internal Carotid Artery, Circle of Willis (Anatomy):

  • Travels along optic _______, bifurcates into _____ (MCA) and ______ ______ (ACA) arteries.
A
  • chiasm
  • middle cerebral
  • anterior cerebral
53
Q

Circle of Willis:

The anterior choroidal artery is a long, thin branch of the ____ _____ artery. It is involved with ______.

A
  • internal carotid artery (ICA)

- strokes

54
Q

Circle of Willis:

The optic tract, choroid plexus, internal capsule, thalamus, and hippocampus are all supplied by the _____ ______ artery.

A

anterior choroidal

55
Q

Circle of Willis:

The middle cerebral artery (MCA)/internal carotid artery and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) are joined by the _____ _______ artery inferior to the optic tract.

A

posterior communicating

56
Q

The ACA (____ _____ artery) runs through the longitudinal fissure, then follows the ____ ______.

A
  • anterior cerebral

- corpus callosum

57
Q

The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) supplies the _____ and ______ lobes.

A
  • frontal

- parietal

58
Q

The two anterior cerebral arteries (ACA) are joined by the _____ _____ artery.

A
  • anterior communicating
59
Q

The _____ ______ artery travels into the lateral sulcus, divides into many branches, and supplies most of the lateral cerebral hemispheres.

A

middle cerebral

60
Q

A mass of arteries between the cerebral peduncles and around the optic chiasm area that supply the basal ganglia, thalamus, and internal capsule are known as the _______ arteries.

A

perforating

  • ex: anterior choroidal artery (ACha), lenticulostriate artery (LsA)
61
Q

The _______-______ system of arteries eventually supplies the circle of Willis. It arises from the fusion of the vertebral arteries into the basilar artery at the _____ of the brainstem. It supplies the ______ and _______.

A
  • vertebral-basilar
  • pons
  • brainstem
  • cerebellum
62
Q

Vertebral-Basilar System:

Prior to fusing into the basilar artery, the vertebral arteries give off the _______ ______ arteries, supplying the posterior 1/3 of spinal cord.

A

posterior spinal

63
Q

Vertebral-Basilar System:

Prior to fusing into the basilar artery, the vertebral arteries give off the _____ ______ arteries, supplying the anterior 2/3 of spinal cord.

A

anterior spinal

64
Q

Vertebral-Basilar System:

Prior to fusing into the basilar artery, the vertebral arteries give off the _____ arteries, supplying the inferior cerebellum and lateral medulla.

A

PICA (posterior inferior cerebellar artery)

65
Q

Circle of Willis:

The terminal bifurcation of the basilar artery forms 2 ______’s.

A

PCA (posterior cerebral arteries)

66
Q

Circle of WIllis:

Before it bifurcates, the basilar artery gives rise to _____ and ______ arteries.

A
  • AICA (anterior inferior cerebellar arteries)

- SCA (superior cerebellar artery)

67
Q

Circle of WIllis:

AICA supplies the ______ cerebellum (flocculus) and caudal _____.

A
  • inferior

- pons

68
Q

Circle of Willis:

SCA supplies 3 things:

A
  • superior cerebellum
  • caudal midbrain
  • rostral pons
69
Q

Circle of Willis:

The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) supplies the medial & inferior surfaces of the ______ and _______ lobes of the cerebrum. There are also branches to the rostral ______ and posterior _______.

A
  • temporal
  • occipital
  • midbrain
  • diencephalon
70
Q

Circle of Willis:

The internal carotid and vertebral-basilar system are linked by the _____ ______ artery.

A

posterior communicating

71
Q

Circle of Willis:

The _____ ______ artery connects the right and left sides of the circle of Willis.

A

anterior communicating

72
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

The posterior communicating arteries that link the internal carotid and vertebral-basilar system have little blood flow/interchange.

A

True

73
Q

Occlusion of a vessel in the circle of Willis can still allow adequate blood supply via ________ flow.

A

anastomatic

74
Q

3 mechanisms for cerebral blood flow regulation:

  1. ________: vasoconstriction (if low pressure) and vasodilation (if pressure is high)
  2. _______ ______: brain and vessel collaboration in response to increased brain activity
  3. _______ _______ (?)
A
  1. autoregulation
  2. glutamate sensing
  3. cerebral vascular autonomics
75
Q

The anatomic and physiologic barrier that controls movement of materials from extracellular fluid of body to extracellular fluid of brain is the ____ _____ _____.

A

blood-brain barrier

76
Q

3 components of the blood-brain barrier:

A
  • arachnoid mater
  • endothelial tight junctions
  • lack of pinocytic vessels
77
Q

In the blood-brain barrier, diffusion of _____-soluble substances occurs freely. ______ is transported by facilitated diffusion. Everything else must use ATP to cross via _______ transport.

A
  • lipid
  • glucose
  • active
78
Q

Areas where fenestrations of cerebral capillaries allow communication between blood and brain extracellular fluid are called ____________ organs.

A

circumventricular

79
Q

Circumventricular organs are located around the ______ and ______ ventricles.

A
  • 3rd

- 4th

80
Q

Circumventricular organs have sensory functions to monitor ______ composition. Others release ______ from neurons into the bloodstream.

A
  • CSF

- hormones

81
Q

Circumventricular organs have specialized ependymal cells called ________ , which overlie the ventricular surface.

A

tanycytes

82
Q

Venous drainage of the brain starts in the ______ veins of the brain. It then drains into the ______ sinuses, and finally into the _____ ______ vein and ______ venous plexus at the base of the brain/apex of spinal cord.

A
  • cerebral
  • dural
  • internal jugular (IJV)
  • epidural
83
Q

The cerebral venous system is unique because it has many ______, unlike the rest of the body.

A

anastomoses

84
Q

Venous Drainage:

Superficial drainage of the brain usually empties into the _____ _____ sinus. Deep drainage of internal structures empty into the ______ sinus.

A
  • superior saggital

- straight

85
Q

Venous Drainage:

Superior veins drain into ______ ______ sinus and ______ ______ sinus. Inferior veins drain into ______ sinus and ______ sinus.

A
  • superior saggital (SSS)
  • inferior saggital (ISS)
  • transverse
  • cavernous
86
Q

Venous Drainage (superficial):

3 main superficial veins:

A
  • superficial middle cerebral vein
  • superior anastomotic vein (of Trolard)
  • inferior anastomotic vein (of Labbé)
87
Q

Venous Drainage (deep):

The main vein of the deep drainage system is the _____ _____ vein. These veins are _____ than superficial veins.

A
  • internal cerebral

- smaller

88
Q

Venous Drainage (deep):

The ______ _______ vein is formed by the confluence of the septal, thalamostriate, and choroidal veins. This paired vein eventually fuses to form the _______ _____ vein (of Galen), then flows to the ______ sinus.

A
  • internal cerebral
  • great cerebral
  • straight
89
Q

Venous Drainage (deep):

The _____ vein (of Rosenthal) forms near the optic chiasm, and drains the orbitofrontal cortex, insula, inferior basal ganglia, and parts of the temporal lobe. It joins the _____ _____ vein (of Galen) before draining into the _____ sinus.

A
  • basal
  • great cerebral
  • straight

SP15 Neuroanatomy - Dr. Pierson (10 decks)

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