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Anatomy (MPAS) > Lecture 2: Nervous system I > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Nervous system I Flashcards

1
Q

2 categories of cells in nervous system

A

Neurons

Glia

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2
Q

What are neurons?

A

Specialized cells for rapid communication

Reception, transduction and conduction of stimuli

Conduct action potential from one part of a cell to another which is then transmitted to other cell

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3
Q

What are glia?

A

aka Neuroglia

Support cells of the nervous systems

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4
Q

What is the basic unit/cell of nervous tissue

A

Neurons

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5
Q

Parts of neurons

A

Dendrites (many, receive inputs)

Cell body (cell nucleus and organelles)

Axon (cell output, variable length)

Axon terminals (often many)

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6
Q

Myelination of axons

A

May be myelinated or unmyelinated

Myelin acts as an insulation for axons and is important for propagation

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7
Q

Specialization of neurons

A

Specialized for generating and propagating impulses from cell to cell

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8
Q

Where do axons commonly terminate?

A

On a neuron where it forms a synapse

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9
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Site of signal transduction between neurons

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10
Q

What type are most synapses?

A

Chemical

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11
Q

What are synapses targets for?

A

Drugs

ex: Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SRIs)

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12
Q

Neuroglia in CNS

A

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

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13
Q

Neuroglia in PNS

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

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14
Q

Where are astrocytes found?

A

In white and gray matter

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15
Q

Functions of astrocytes

A
  1. Physical / Structural support
  2. Secreting Growth Factors (important for
    keeping neurons alive)
  3. Metabolic support
  4. Transmitter ‘scavengers’ (limit diffusion)
  5. Ionic and pH balance of environment
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16
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes

A

provide the myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS (required for rapid conduction of the action potential)

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17
Q

Which cells are targeted in multiple sclerosis?

A

Oligodendrocytes

Proper communication is impossible in MS

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18
Q

Function of microglia

A

macrophages of the nervous
system

protect against viruses, bacteria, and tumor cells.

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19
Q

When are microglia activated in CNS?

A

Inflammation

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20
Q

Function of Schwann cells

A

myelin producing cells of the PNS

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21
Q

Function of satellite cells

A

support cells of the PNS found within ganglia (collection of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS)

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22
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

Components of the PNS

A

Outside CNS

Cranial nerves (12 pairs attached to brain)

Spinal nerves (31 pairs attached to cord)

Associated structures

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24
Q

What are the associated structures of the PNS?

A

Ganglia (clusters of nerve cell bodies where synaptic transmission occurs)

Sensory nerve endings (detect pain, temperature, touch, muscle tension etc.)

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25
Q

In which nervous system is gray and white matter found?

A

CNS

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26
Q

What does the gray matter of the CNS consist of?

A

Neuronal cell bodies and dendrites (site of synaptic connections)

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27
Q

Function of connections of dendrites in grey matter

A

These connections are the basis of relaying and processing of information

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28
Q

Which part of the brain is composed of grey matter?

A

The surface of the brain is largely a layer of gray matter (cerebral cortex)

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29
Q

What is a nucleus (gray matter)?

A

A collection of neuronal cell bodies that have a similar function

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30
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

axons (usually myelinated)

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31
Q

Function of white matter

A

constitutes the ‘wiring’ of the brain (white because of high lipid content of myelin)

Brain function depends on connectivity

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32
Q

What is a tract, fasciculus, pathway, or lemniscus?

A

Axons of similar functions and connections that are organized into bundles in the white matter

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33
Q

What is the largest bundle of white matter?

A

Corpus callosum

connects left & right cerebral hemispheres

(see figures)

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34
Q

Orientation in the nervous system

A

See figure

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35
Q

3 main sections of brain

A
  1. Forebrain,
  2. Midbrain, and
  3. Hindbrain (continuous with spinal cord)

See figure

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36
Q

What is the biggest section of the brain?

A

Forebrain

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37
Q

Parts of forebrain

A

i. Telencephalon (Cerebrum)
ii. Diencephalon

(see figure)

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38
Q

Structure of midbrain (mesencephalon)

A

Short, narrow “stalk” that connects forebrain with hindbrain

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39
Q

Parts of hindbrain

A

i. Pons
ii. Cerebellum
iii. Medulla (continuous with Spinal Cord)

(See figure)

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40
Q

Parts of telencephalon

A

Cerebral Cortex (Gray matter)

White matter (axons)

Ventricles (cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid [csf])

Basal Ganglia/Basal Nuclei (Gray; Motor)

41
Q

What are cerebral hemispheres made of?

A

gyri (ridges) and sulci (grooves)

42
Q

Other name for deep sulk

A

Fissures

ex: longitundinal fissure that separates hemispheres

43
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal

(see figure)

44
Q

Functions of cerebral cortex?

A

Functional localization

Contralateral Nature

Cortical functions

45
Q

Functional localization of cerebral cortex

A

Different sites within cortex

have different functions

46
Q

Contralateral nature of cerebral cortex

A

Motor and Sensory Cortex:

Left side of brain corresponds to right side of body

47
Q

Cortical functions of cerebral cortex

A

Depend on connectivity

The left and right hemispheres are connected and lobes are connected to each other

cortex is connected to thalamus & Spinal Cord (afferent and efferent)

48
Q

Function of frontal lobe

A

Movements/motor

behavior

speech

decision making

feelings

abstract thinking

intellect, personality,

49
Q

Location of central sulcus of the frontal lobe

A

separates it from parietal lobe

50
Q

What is located in the pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe?

A

primary motor cortex

Responsible for activating the motor neurons of the spinal cord on opposite side of body (origin of corticospinal/pyramidal tract)

(see figure)

51
Q

Important gyrus in frontal lobe

A

Post-central gyrus

52
Q

Function of post-central gyrus in parietal lobe

A

site of primary somatosensory cortex;

i.e., conscious perception of somatosensation

Receives somatosensory information (pain, temp., touch, proprioception,) from opposite side of body

(see figure)

53
Q

What is parietal lobe critical for?

A

interpretation & understanding of sensory input

54
Q

Important gyrus in occipital lobe

A

Medial surface

site of primary visual cortex; i.e., conscious perception of vision

Receives visual information from opposite visual field (“right sees left”)

55
Q

What is the occipital lobe’s function?

A

critical for interpretation & understanding of visual information (“What is it?” Where is it?)

56
Q

Important gyri on temporal lobe

A

Gyri on floor of lateral sulcus

site of primary auditory cortex; i.e., perception of sound

Important for interpreting sound, esp. language and language formation

57
Q

Where is the site of the primary olfactory cortex

A

inferior surface of temporal lobe

58
Q

Where is the Hippocampus?

A

Contained within temporal lobe

59
Q

Role of Hippocampus

A

Memory formation

60
Q

What is included in the basal nuclei?

A

Caudate, putamen, & globus pallidus

61
Q

Function of basal nuclei

A

Involved in regulating motor activity

62
Q

Lesions to basal nuclei

A

produce movement disorders called dyskinesias: involuntary or diminished movement (either hyperkinetic or hypokinetic)

63
Q

What disease is associated with death of neurons in caudate nucleus?

A

Huntingtons

64
Q

Where is the diencephalon?

A

Area between the cerebrum and midbrain

see figure

65
Q

Primary components of diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

66
Q

Function of thalamus

A

relays ALL sensory information (except smell) to the cerebral cortex (conscious appreciation of senses)

67
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A

Regulates autonomic nervous system activity

e.g., fight or flight response, visceral activity, cardiovascular activity, etc.

68
Q

Components of midbrain

A

Consists of fibres (mainly) and a number of nuclei

Nuclei of 2 cranial nerves (CN III and CNIV)

69
Q

Importance of midbrain

A

Almost all fibres that enter or exit the cerebral hemispheres pass through the midbrain

(small but critical)

Site of substantia nigra (important in regulating motor activity; lesioned in P.D.) and reticular formation (RF) (important in consciousness and arousal)

70
Q

Components of hindbrain

A

pons

medulla

cerebellum

(see figure)

71
Q

Parts of brainstem

A

Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla

72
Q

What cranial nerves are attached to the pons?

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

73
Q

What cranial nerves are attached to the medulla?

A

IX, X, XI and XII

74
Q

What brain structure has connections with all three components of the brainstem?

A

Cerebellum

75
Q

Lesions of fibre tracts of brainstem

A

interruption of these fibre tracts produces profound motor / sensory deficits and deficits in autonomic function

76
Q

Lesions of cranial nerves of brain stem

A

produce deficits in motor/sensory innervation of head and neck

77
Q

Lesions of other nuclei in brainstem

A

coma

cardiac and respiratory arrest

cerebellar deficits (cardiac & resp. centres, and centre resp. for consciousness)

78
Q

What is the cerebellum connected to?

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla

79
Q

Importance of cerebellum

A

maintaining equilibrium: receives inputs from vestibular apparatus of inner ear

fine motor coordination: receives input from cerebrum (via pons) & proprioceptors - from spinal cord

automatic/non-conscious adjustments in posture and locomotion

80
Q

What happens if there are lesions to cerebellum?

A

Disturbances in Gait and Coordination

81
Q

Three meninges of brain

A

Dura

Arachnoid

Pia

82
Q

Dura mater

A

tough, dense layer tightly attached to inner surface of skull (no space)

83
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

thinner layer attached to dura; extensions from arachnoid to pia Meninges
(‘spider-web’ like)

84
Q

What separates the arachnoid and pia mater?

A

subarachnoid space which contains CSF, which contains nutrients

85
Q

Pia mater

A

very thin translucent layer attached to cortical surface; follows contours of the gyri

86
Q

Function of meninges

A
  1. Protection (together with CSF, skull, vertebral column)
  2. Compartmentalization of cranial cavity which provides structural support and suspends spinal cord within the dural sleeve
  3. Conduit for cerebrospinal fluid (subarachnoid space) and venous blood (venous sinuses)
87
Q

Infolding/septa/reflections of dura mater

A

Falx cerebri (cerebral falx): lies in longitudinal fissure between hemispheres

Tentorium cerebelli (cerebellar tentorium): tent over cerebellum, separates cerebellum from occipital lobe

(see figure)

88
Q

Where are the venous sinuses of the meninges?

A

Within the margins of the septa (form along the attachments of dural infoldings)

89
Q

Is there space between the dura and the arachnoid?

A

No

90
Q

How close is the arachnoid to the sulci and gyri of the brain?

A

Arachnoid bridges over

91
Q

Inner surface of arachnoid

A

irregular and many small strands ( Arachnoid trabeculae, like a spider-web) span the subarachnoid space (filled with cerebro-
spinal fluid) to connect to the pia mater

92
Q

Figure of meninges

A

see figure

93
Q

What is the only space in the skull under normal conditions?

A

subarachnoid space (between arachnoid & pia); filled with csf

Cerebral blood vessels are present in this space

94
Q

What is the subarachnoid space continuous with?

A

Ventricles (also filled with CSF)

95
Q

What is an epidural space?

A

Under pathological conditions meningeal layers may separate to form a space between dura and skull

96
Q

What is a subdural space?

A

Under pathological conditions meningeal layers may separate to form a space between arachnoid and dura

97
Q

What is an epidural hematoma?

A

can form with a blow to the temple where the middle meningeal artery lies between the dura and the skull

It can leak blood and the blood will separate the separate the dura from the skull

98
Q

What is a subdural hematoma?

A

forms when vessels (veins) passing between the arachnoid and the dura leak blood into the subdural space (separates dura and arachnoid)

Anatomy (MPAS) (22 decks)

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