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Anatomy (MPAS) > Lecture 10: MSK 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 10: MSK 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of bones?

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Storage:

Red blood cell production

Minerals (calcium)

Energy (fat)

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2
Q

Classifications of bones

A
  1. Long bones (femur/humerus)
  2. Short bones
    (carpels/metacarpels)
  3. Irregular bones (vertebrae)
  4. Flat bones (skull)
  5. Sesamoid bones (knee cap)
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3
Q

Bone composition

A

Specialized connective tissue

Vascular

Consists of organic extracellular matrix and inorganic materials that make bones hard and rigid (calcium and phosphate)

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4
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Cortical (compact)

Cancellous (trabecular)

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5
Q

Cortical (compact) bone characteristics

A

Forms outer shell of bone (cortex)

Very dense structure

Always surrounds Cancellous bone, but thickness varies
depending on type of bone, age, diet, and functional requirements

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6
Q

Cancellous (trabecular) bone characteristics

A

Inside of bone

Thin plates arranged in a loose
mesh structure

Arranged in a concentric layers
with marrow between

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7
Q

Types of joints

A

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

See figure

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8
Q

How are bones held together in fibrous joints? Movement?

A

Bones are held closely together with fibrous
connective tissue

little or no movement

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9
Q

How are bones connected in cartilaginous joints?

A

Cartilaginous disc

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10
Q

Synovial joints characteristics

A

Joints have a space (cavity)

Freely moveable (diarthrodial)

Ends of the long bones lined with hyaline cartilage

Joint has an articular (synovial) capsule

Thickenings in the capsule are called ligaments

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11
Q

How are the surfaces of synovial joints shaped?

A

Reciprocally

Convex and concave

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12
Q

What is on the articular surfaces of synovial joints?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

Other features of synovial joints

A

Joint capsule

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14
Q

What are the ligaments of synovial joints?

A

thickenings of joint capsule which connect bone to bone and provide joint stability

(note not all ligaments are extensions of the capsule)

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15
Q

Role of synovial membrane in synovial joints

A

secretes synovial fluid which lubricates the joint surfaces and delivers nutrition to articular cartilage

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16
Q

What are the accessory supportive structures of synovial joints?

A

Intracapsular / extrasynovial ligaments

Extracapsular ligaments [Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)]

Meniscus (fibrocartilage disc of the knee)

Bursa(e) (synovial sacs to prevent friction between muscle / bone, muscle / muscle, and bone / tendon)

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17
Q

How is the movement of synovial joints described?

A

In terms of the number of possible planes of movement and the shape of the articular surfaces

1) Un-axial (pivot, hinge, plane)
2) Bi-axial (condyloid, saddle)
3) multi-axial (ball and socket)

See figure

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18
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A
  1. Support (upright posture)
  2. Movement (Flex/extension, Side flex left & right, Rotation left & right)
  3. Protection (Spinal cord)
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19
Q

How many vertebrae is the vertebral column composed of? What types?

A

33 total

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

4 coccyx

See figure

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20
Q

What are primary and secondary curvatures?

A

Primary curvatures refer to the curvatures in the spine that are present at birth (Sacral, thoracic)

Secondary curvatures refer to the curvatures that develop as the individual grows (lumbar, cervical)

See figure

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21
Q

Abnormal curvatures of spine

A

Kyphotic spine (Thoracic vertebrae are overly curved)

Scoliotic spine (lateral C-shape)

Lordosis (exaggerated lumbar curve)

See figure

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22
Q

What are the general structures of the vertebrae?

A

Body

Vertebral arch

Spinous processes

transverse processes

Articular proceses

Vertebral foramen

See figure

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23
Q

Where is the body of vertebrae? What does it look like?

A

Anterior component of the vertebrae

Dense bone square in shape

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24
Q

Function of body of vertebrae

A

bears body weight

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25
Q

What is the vertebral arch of a vertebrae?

A

Lamina and pedicle

Posterior portion of vertebrae, form closed circle or arch which surrounds spinal cord

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26
Q

Where do pedicles extend from?

A

Posterior from both sides of body

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27
Q

What are spinous processes?

A

Bony processes which extend posteriorly from the junction of the two lamina

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28
Q

What are transverse processes? Function?

A

Bony processes which extend sideways from the junction between the pedicle and lamina

Act as “handle bars” when muscles attach to them and create movement

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29
Q

What are articular processes of vertebrae?

A

Paired body projections on the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral arch.

Form the facet joints

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30
Q

What is the vertebral foramen?

A

The opening created by the vertebral arch

With multiple vertebrae it is referred to as the “Vertebral Canal”

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31
Q

How is the intervertebral foramen formed?

A

There is a vertebral notch between the body and posterior elements

When two vertebrae are stacked one on the other, the notch now becomes the intervertebral foramen

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32
Q

What exits the intervertebral foramen?

A

The peripheral nerve root exits from the spinal cord through this foramen

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33
Q

Parts of intervertebral disc

A

Annulus fibrosis (laminated fibrous ring)

Nucleus pulposis (inner core of gel like fluid)

See figure

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34
Q

What is the function of the intervertebral disc?

A

Shock Absorbtion

Allows movement (cartilagenous/amphiarthrotic)

Gives height to the vertebral column

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35
Q

Disc problems

A

Degeneration

Bulging disc

Herniated disc

Thinning disc

Disc degeneration with osteophyte formation (bony projections)

See figure

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36
Q

Special features of cervical region

A

Small vertebral bodies

Bifid spinous process (EXCEPT C7)

Foramina in transverse process which accommodates vertebral arteries

Large vertebral foramen (canal) that accommodates the large brachial plexus of nerves

Articular processes orientated in horizontal plane which facilitates movement.

See figure

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37
Q

Which cervical vertebrae are considered to be typical

A

Vertebrae C3 to C6 are considered to be “typical” cervical vertebra.

Vertebrae C1 & C2 are unique or specialized vertebrae.

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38
Q

Which cervical vertebrae has the longest spinous process?

A

C7 (Vertebra Prominens)

Not bifid

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39
Q

Exception to foramen in transverse process of cervical vertebrae

A

vertebral artery passes through the transverse foramen while ascending toward the brain.

The vertebral artery passes through the transverse foramen of C1 - C6, BUT NOT C7

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40
Q

Atlas particulars

A

C1

Supports the skull

Superior articular facets articulate with the occipital condyle of the skull (facilitates nodding your head)

Has anterior and posterior arches – no vertebral body

See figure

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41
Q

Axis particulars

A

C2

Dens (odontoid) process that projects through the vertebral foramen of the atlas to form pivot rotation

See figure

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42
Q

Which vertebrae form the atlanto/axial joint?

A

C1 and C2

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43
Q

Special features of thoracic vertebrae

A

Heart shaped body

Long pointed spinous vertebrae that overlap each other.

Superior and inferior demifacets on the vertebral body (site of rib attachment).

Facets on transverse processes also for rib attachment

Superior and inferior articular facets face in frontal plane, allows little flex/extension movement.

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44
Q

Special features of lumbar vertebrae

A

Large and Heavy vertebral bodies (for weightbearing)

Large, thick, Square cut spinous process - projects straight back

“Grasping” articular facets face in sagittal plane – allows little rotation.

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45
Q

What happens if you draw a horizontal line from the highest point of the iliac crests…

A

run through the spinous process of L4

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46
Q

Intervertebral joints: type of joint, location, load

A

Fibrocartilaginous joints

Anterior column of the spinal cord built for stability

Bear compressive loads

Tremendous ligamentous support (6 in #)

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47
Q

Size of intervertebral joints as you move toward pelvis

A

Progressively larger

48
Q

Zygoapophyseal joints: aka, type of joint, location

A

Facets

Plane type synovial joints

Posterior column of spine is
built for mobility

Determined by region & orientation of superior & inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebral segments.

49
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint, joint type

A

C1/C0

Synovial

Condyloid joint

50
Q

Articular surfaces of atlanto-occipital joint

A

Occipital condyles of the skull

Facets on superior surface of lateral masses of atlas vertebra

51
Q

Motions possible thanks to Atlanto-occipital joint

A

Flexion / extension (nodding head “Yes”)

slight side flexion.

52
Q

atlanta-axial joint (C1/C2) joint type

A

Synovial: Pivot (medial) & plane (lateral) joints

53
Q

Articular surfaces of atlanta-axial joint

A

Facet on posterior aspect of anterior arch of the atlas

Facet on anterior aspect of dens of the axis.

See figure

54
Q

Motions possible thanks to atlanta-axial joint (C1/C2)

A

Rotation (shaking head “No”).

Accounts for 40% of cervical flexion/60% of cervical rotation

55
Q

Intervertebral disc between C1 and C2?

A

No

56
Q

Ligaments that support atlanta-axial joint (C1/C2)

A

Cruciform ligament

Transverse ligament of the atlas

Alar ligaments

Apical ligament

57
Q

ROM in C spine

A

Built for mobility

Flex/Ext, Lat flex, Rotation

58
Q

ROM in T spine

A

Built for stability

Little Flex/Ext

Lat flex, Rotation

59
Q

ROM in L spine

A

Built to Flex/Ext

Some Lat flex

Little Rotation

60
Q

Function of back muscles

A

Protect the spine

Transfers loads from head and trunk to pelvis

Permit motion in all 3 planes

61
Q

Two main groupings of back muscles

A

Intrinsic Muscles: Small muscles that stabilize spine & maintain posture, Control / guide precise movements between adjacent segments

Extrinsic Muscles: Large muscles that power global movements of the back

62
Q

Two groups of back muscles

A

Superficial (trapezius, latissimus dorsi)

Deep (levitator scapulae, rhomboids, erector spinal and quadrates lumborum)

63
Q

What is the trapezius?

A

Large, superficial, triangular muscle of the upper back and neck region

64
Q

What does the function of trapezius depend on?

A

Depend on location and direction

65
Q

Upper fibres of trapezius - function

A

Scapular elevation/rotation (“shrug“)

Neck Side Flexion (unilateral) or Extension (bilateral)

66
Q

Middle fibres of trapezius - function

A

Scapular retraction

67
Q

Lower fibres of trapezius - function

A

Pull medial end of scapular spine down (rotates
glenoid fossa upward)

Important to facilitate raising the arm over head

68
Q

What is the latissimus Dorsi?

A

Large, superficial, broad muscle of back

Diamond shaped

69
Q

What anatomical structure does the latissimus dorsi form?

A

Forms posterior wall of axilla (armpit)

70
Q

Where does latissimus doors arise from? Where does it insert?

A

Arises from lower back

inserts prox. humerus

71
Q

Functions of latissimus dorsi

A

Shoulder extension

Shoulder adduction

Shoulder medial rotation

Composite action: swimming, paddling

72
Q

Levator scapulae location

A

Deep to trapezius

Runs from cervical spine to scapula

73
Q

Function of levator scapulae

A

Elevate scapula

74
Q

Location of rhomboid muscles

A

Deep to trapezius (middle fibres)

Extends from vertebral column to medial border of scapula

Runs obliquely down and laterally

75
Q

Function of rhomboid muscles

A

Retract scapula

76
Q

Sections of erector spinae muscle group

A

Spinalis

Longissiumus

Iliocostalis

See figure

77
Q

Function of erector spinae muscle group

A

Extension

78
Q

What is the quadrates lumborum?

A

Square muscles on either side of the lumbar spine.

Runs between the 12th rib and iliac crest

79
Q

Function of quadratus lumborum?

A

Side flexion of the lumbar spine

See figure

80
Q

How is upright posture maintained?

A

Back muscles contract isometrically (without changing muscle length or joint angle)

Abdominal muscles remain quite or contract isometrically.

81
Q

Functional movements essential for posture

A

Eccentric (lengthening) muscle contractions to control the body against gravity.

82
Q

Shoulder rules of 3

A

3 bones: Clavicle, Scapula & Humerus

3 joints: SC, AC & GH

3 groups of muscles: thorax to humerus, thorax to scapula/clavicle, scapula/clavicle to humerus

83
Q

Importance of shoulder joint

A

Only attachment of appendicular skeleton (arm) to axial skeleton (trunk)

84
Q

Shape of clavicle

A

S shaped

Medial one third is convex anteriorly (rounded outward)

Lateral one third is concave anteriorly (curved inward)

85
Q

Functions of clavicle

A

keeps shoulders back and arms at side

Force absorption & dissipation (Foosh - fall onto outstretched hand)

Rotation of the scapula in abduction

86
Q

Shape of scapula

A

Spade

Triangular

Thin , flat

87
Q

Attachment of scapula to chest wall?

A

No

Held against ribs by muscles

88
Q

What does humorous articulate with in shoulder?

A

Head of humerus (proximal end) articulates with the Glenoid fossa of scapula

89
Q

Shape of humorous

A

Typical long bone (shaft and 2 enlarged ends)

See figure

90
Q

What is sternoclavicular (SC) joint formed by?

A

Formed by medial clavicle and clavicular notch of the Sternum

See figure

91
Q

SC joint type

A

Saddle type

92
Q

Movements of SC joint

A

Subtle movements occur about a multi axial plane.

93
Q

What is acromioclavicular (AC) joint formed by?

A

Lateral clavicle articulates with acromion process of scapula

See figure

94
Q

AC joint type

A

Plane

95
Q

Support of AC joint

A

Supported by thick ligaments

96
Q

Movements of AC joint

A

Allows for rotational movements of clavicle on acromion

Injury of joint referred to as “shoulder separation”

97
Q

What is Glenohumeral (GH) joint formed by?

A

Shoulder joint

Articulation between head of humerus
and glenoid of the scapula

See figure

98
Q

GH joint type

A

Synovial

Multi-axial, ball and socket type

99
Q

Movement of GH joint

A

Freely movable, but structurally unstable because very little of humeral head (1/3rd) is in contact with fossa at any one time.

Flexion / Extension

Abduction / Adduction

Medial / Lateral Rotation

100
Q

Glenoid characteristics

A

Glenoid is deepened by a cartilaginous ring (labrum), and stabilized by strong ligaments

101
Q

Scapulo-thoracic motion

A

Movement of the scapula on the thorax to facilitate movement of the humerus to bring hands overhead

Not an actual bony articulation

1° of scapular movement (on the thorax) for every 2° of GH movement at shoulder.

102
Q

What happens during 180 degrees of shoulder abduction?

A

120° from GH joint

60° from ST articulation

103
Q

Other paired movements of shoulder

A

Require movement in all three joints

Elevation / Depression

Protraction / Retraction

Cross flexion / Extension

104
Q

3 main groups of shoulder muscles

A

1) Thorax to humerus
2) Thorax to scapula/clavicle
3) Scapula/Clavicle to humorous

105
Q

Thorax to humerous

A

Posterior: latissimus dorsi (superficial back muscle)

Anterior: pectoralis major

106
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Large, superficial muscle of chest that forms the anterior wall of axilla

107
Q

Functions of pectoralis major

A

Shoulder flexion

Shoulder adduction

Shoulder medial rotation • ie. ‘bear hug

See figure

108
Q

Thorax to scapula/clavicle

A

Posterior: trapezius (superficial back muscle), Rhomboids (deep)

Anterior: Pectoralis minor

109
Q

Location of pectoralis minor

A

Positioned deep to pectoralis major muscle

See figure

110
Q

Function of pectoralis minor

A

Protraction of scapula

powers reach beyond reach

See figure

111
Q

Scapula/Clavicle to humorous

A

Posterior: rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis)

Anterior: deltoid

See figure

112
Q

What is the rotator cuff?

A

Intrinsic muscles of shoulder

Comprised of four separate muscles

113
Q

Location of rotator cuff

A

Originate from scapula to attach to head of the humerus

114
Q

Function of rotator cuff

A

SITS

1) Supraspinatus – Abduction of shoulder
2) Infraspinatus - Lateral rotation of shoulder
3) Teres minor - Lateral rotation of shoulder
4) Subscapularis - Medial rotation of shoulder

115
Q

Which is the round muscle on top of shoulder?

A

Deltoid

Provides bulk of shoulder, forms “U” - 3 distinct heads

116
Q

Functions of deltoid

A

Anterior: Shoulder flexion

Middle: Shoulder abduction

Posterior: Shoulder extension

See figure

Anatomy (MPAS) (22 decks)

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