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Anatomy (MPAS) > Lecture 18: Abdominal viscera > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Abdominal viscera Flashcards

1
Q

What does the GI tract consist of?

A

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine (colon)

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2
Q

What is the esophagus? Role?

A

Long,muscular tube that carries food from the oral cavity to the stomach (peristalsis)

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3
Q

What does the esophagus extend through?

A

Extends through the posterior mediastinum, and passes through the diaphragm (at T10) to reach the stomach

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4
Q

What region of the abdomen is the stomach located in?

A

Left hypochondriac and epigastric regions

Underneath diaphragm and partially shielded by the ribs

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5
Q

Parts of the stomach

A

Cardia – area surrounding the opening of
the esophagus. Contains esophageal sphincter, which prevents acid from coming back up from stomach

Fundus – located beneath the left dome of
diaphragm (above the cardia). Where gas and other substances accumulate

Cardiac notch - angle between the
esophagus and fundus

Body – located between fundus and pyloric
antrum

Pyloric Antrum – funnel shaped region of
stomach between the body and pyloric canal

Pyloric canal – narrower than the antrum,
contains the pyloric sphincter (pylorus).

See figure

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6
Q

Internal surface of the stomach

A

The internal surface of the stomach is highly ridged. These mucosal folds are called rugae

Increase surface area of stomach, allowing absorption of nutrients and expansion of stomach to accommodate food

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7
Q

What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?

A

thick band of muscle

controls the passage of stomach contents into the duodenum

See figure

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8
Q

Parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

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9
Q

How long is the small intestine in an adult?

A

Approximately 7 metres

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10
Q

Role of small intestine

A

Main site of nutrient absorption

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11
Q

Length of duodenum

A

25 cm

Shortest part of small intestine

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12
Q

Four parts of duodenum

A

1- Superior (1st):
lies anterolateral to the body of the L1 vertebra

2- Descending (2nd): descends along the right side of the L1- L3 vertebrae. Location of major duodenal papilla, entrance of bile duct and pancreatic duct

3-Horizontal (3rd): crosses the L3 vertebrae.

4-Ascending (4th): begins at the left of the L3 vertebrae, ascending to the superior border of the L2 vertebrae.

See figure

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13
Q

Location of the jejunum and the ileum

A

Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery, very mobile

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14
Q

How to distinguish between the jejunum and the ileum

A

No distinct border between the jejunum and ileum

Generally, the jejunum is found in the left upper quadrant, ileum in the right lower quadrant

See figure and table

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15
Q

Which parts of the duodenum are intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal

A

The superior part has an intraperitoneal part and a retroperitoneal part

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16
Q

Where does the large intestine extend from?

A

From the ileocecal junction to the anus (1.5 m long)

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17
Q

Parts of large intestine

A

Cecum

Ascending colon

Transverse colon

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon

Rectum

Anal canal

See figure

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18
Q

Role of large intestine

A

Reabsorbs water and electrolytes (waste management)

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19
Q

Distinguishing features of large intestine

A

Teniae coli (orange)

Haustra

Epiploic appendages (yellow)

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20
Q

What are the tenia coli?

A

3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle

21
Q

What are the haustra? How are they formed? Role?

A

Sacculations found along the length of the large intestine

Formed by the action of the teniae coli (like the elastic band on sweatpants!)

Help with reabsorption of water

22
Q

What are the epiploic appendages?

A

Small peritoneal pouches filled with fat

Not sure what they do, everyone has them

23
Q

What is the cecum? location?

A

First part of the large intestine

Continuous with the ascending
colon

Point where the ileum meets the
large intestine

24
Q

What is the vermiform appendix? Location? Importance?

A

Blind-ending tube, worm-shaped!

Usually found posterior to the cecum (retrocecal)

Site of appendicitis!

See figure

25
Q

What is the largest solid organ in the body?

A

The liver

Has the most vasculature

26
Q

Functions of the liver

A

Major metabolic organ – fats, proteins and carbohydrates

Glycogen synthesis and storage

Production of bile (fat digestion)

Detoxification of blood (excretion of bilirubin, metabolism of alcohol and other drugs)

27
Q

What is billirubin? Colour?

A

Product of heme metabolism

Excreted in the bile

Yellow

Jaundice = build up of bilirubin, something wrong with liver

28
Q

What are the four lobes of the liver?

A

Right lobe

Left lobe

Quadrate lobe (next to gallbladder)

Caudate lobe (next to inferior vena cava)

29
Q

Ligaments of the liver

A

Coronary ligament (attaches to diaphragm)

Falciform ligament (attaches to anterior abdominal wall)

30
Q

What is the importance of the porta hepatis?

A

Door to the liver

Location of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and common hepatic duct

31
Q

Trajectory of bile

A

Bile is produced in the liver and is secreted into the common hepatic duct

Gallbladder stores and concentrates bile

When it contracts, it expels bile through the cystic duct (bile can flow both ways), and into the common bile duct (cystic and hepatic duct join to form common bile duct)

Enters the duodenum where it helps emulsify fats

See figure

32
Q

Shape and parts of pancreas

A

Flat, leaf-shaped, gland

Includes head, body,
and tail

33
Q

Anatomical location of pancreas

A

Retroperitoneal

Tucked into a curve of the duodenum

See figure

34
Q

Functions of pancreas

A

Endocrine: produces
hormones that regulate blood sugar – insulin, glucagon

Exocrine: produces digestive enzymes – trypsin, chymotrypsin (aka. pancreatic juice)

35
Q

Pancreatic and bile duct meeting point

A

Pancreatic duct and the common bile duct meet and open into the duodenum at the duodenal papilla

See figure

36
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Far upper left quadrant of the abdomen

Right against diaphragm

Shielded by the ribs

See figure

37
Q

Functions of the spleen

A

Lymphatic organ -
filters blood to remove old erythrocytes

Immune organ – contains B and T lymphocytes

Stores about 230 ml of blood

38
Q

What is the blood supply of the abdominal viscera?

A

3 major unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta:

Celiac trunk

Superior mesenteric artery

Inferior mesenteric artery

See figure

39
Q

What are the organs supplied by the celiac trunk?

A

Stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, part of duodenum

40
Q

What are the organs supplied by the superior mesenteric artery?

A

remainder of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and appendix, ascending colon, part of transverse colon

41
Q

What are the organs supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

remainder of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

42
Q

What are the branches of the celiac trunk?

A

See figure

3 main branches: left gastric artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery

43
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery (small intestine)?

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery: Supplies pancreas and duodenum (distal to the duodenal papilla)

Jejunal and ileal arteries: form arcades (loops)within the mesentery

Vasa recta (straight) enter the intestinal wall

See figure

44
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery (large intestine)?

A

Ileocolic artery: distal ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon

Right colic artery: ascending colon

Middle colic artery: transverse colon (2/3 of it)

See figure

45
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Left colic artery: remaining 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon

Sigmoid arteries: descending colon, sigmoid colon

Superior rectal artery: rectum

See figure

46
Q

Systemic vs portal circulation

A

See table

47
Q

Portal venous drainage

A

The superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein join to form the hepatic portal vein (large, 8 cm long)

Inferior mesenteric vein drains into splenic vein

Hepatic portal vein drains blood from the unpaired abdominal organs (stomach, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine) and carries it to the liver for processing of nutrients and removal of toxins

See figure

48
Q

Why do we have the portal system?

A

Nutrients are absorbed quicker by the liver, so the portal system allows them to be distributed quicker than they would if there was only systemic

Ingested poisons and toxins would get to the heart and the brain if it weren’t for the portal system

Anatomy (MPAS) (22 decks)

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