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NM 2 > lecture 2: motor control and motor learning > Flashcards

lecture 2: motor control and motor learning Flashcards

1
Q

____ must control the body as a mechanical system - postural alignment

A

CNS

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2
Q

what is movement emerges as result of interaction parts , without needs for specific commands

A

self organization

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3
Q

what is as one parameter is changed and reaches a critical value, new behavior emerges

A

nonlinear properties

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4
Q

after a person moves 4 things are stored in memory … waht are they adn what is this called

A

this is called schema

  1. initial movement conditions
  2. parameters used in general motor program
  3. knowledge of results
  4. sensory consequences of the movement
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5
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

conditioned stimulus causes conditioned response (formerly unconditioned)

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6
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

behaviors that are rewarded tend to be repeated , punshied or not repeated

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7
Q

what is procedural learning

A

leaning tasks that can be performed without attention (habit)

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8
Q

what is declarative learning

A

Knowledge that can be recalled

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9
Q

what are 5 things you would use to describe feed back movement

A
  • Reactive
  • Slow
  • Precise
  • Unfamiliar tasks
  • Sensory input used to compare
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10
Q

what type of movement is feed forward

Reactive/anticipatory
slow/rapid
pre programmed/precise
familiar task/unfamiliar
senosyr input used to compare/not relied upon

A

anticipatory
rapid
pre programmed
familiar task
sensory input not relied upon

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11
Q

what structures in the brain are feedback structures

A

BG and cerebellum

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12
Q

what structures in the brain are feed forward

A

thalamus and motor cortex

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13
Q

Period of enormous ____ immediately follows an injury to the brain.

A

instability

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14
Q

what is GORDON’S INVESTMENT PRINCIPLE: TASK-ORIENTED THEORY

A

when a patient has a brain injury they are unable to do the old strategy so they do the new strategy until they plateau but then u want to keep adding to that new strategy so they go back to the bottom and work their way up to no plateau

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15
Q

what are the 3 stages of motor learning

A
  1. cognitive stage
  2. associative stage
  3. autonomous stage
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16
Q

what is the difference between the stages of motor learning … cognitive , associative and autonomous

A

cognitive stage : conscious processing of task requirements , has many errors

associative stage : selection of best strategy for task and now being to refine skills , more acurate

autonomous stage: no attention requires , stable performance

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17
Q

what does systems 3 stage model emphasis on

A

controlling DOF

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18
Q

what is the novice part of the systems 3 stage model

A

learner simplified the movement to decrease the DOF

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19
Q

what is the advanced part of the systems 3 stage model

A

learned begins to release DOF by allowing movement at more joints invovled in task

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20
Q

what is the expert part of the systems 3 stage model

A

all DOF are released necessary in order to perform task in most efficient way

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21
Q

what is newell theory of learning as exploration

A

during practice there is a search for optimal strategies to solve the task given the constraints

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22
Q

what is perception as a prescriptive role

A

the understanding of the goal and movements

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23
Q

what is perception as a feedback role

A

knowledge of performance and knowledge of results

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24
Q

can learning by measured directly

A

no

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25
Q

what is the level of skilled displayed at each trial , transient

A

performance

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26
Q

what is an intrinsic feedback

A

comes to the person from sensory information from the movement

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27
Q

what is an extrinsic feedback

A

comes form outside the person to supplement intrinsic feedback

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28
Q

what is a knowledge of results

A

important form of extrinsic feedback regarding outcome

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29
Q

when it is best to give knowledge of results

A

after they have had time to process what they have done

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30
Q

- Practice conditions’

  • Massed/blocked vs. distributed
  • Constant vs. variable
  • Contextual interference
  • Whole vs. part training
  • Transfer of skill
  • Mental practice
  • Physical guidance

what do these mean and what is not good for motor learning and what is good

A
  • Massed/blocked vs. distributed : massed - focusing on a single tasked
  • distributed: working in intervals and this is better for motor learning
  • Constant vs. variable : constant learning and variable learning , variable is better
  • Contextual interference: this is doing stuff in between task and is good for motor learning
  • Whole vs. part training: training the whole time and breaking it down , part is better
  • Transfer of skill
  • Mental practice- good for motor learning
  • Physical guidance- not good for motor learning bc we aren’t allowing the patient to correct themselves
31
Q

what are 3 things you can do if the patient cant perform the task for specific training for motor learning

A
  • simplify the task without changing components by modifying the enivmorent
  • can remediate the impairments (contrived activities) and then return to task specific (functional) training
  • cN teach compensations
32
Q

what is an alternative strategies used to accomplish a task

A

compensation

33
Q

what is achieving function through original processes

A

recovery

34
Q

The act of ___ itself may be the primary reason that motor deficits remain.

A

compensating

35
Q

what is learned non use

A

when it may not be that th patient cant used their arm but it may be bc they have learned not to use it

36
Q

____ promotes learning

A

retention

37
Q

what is the feedback for retention and performance

A

low for retention and high for frequency

38
Q

what is the scheduling goal from retention and performance

A

retention is randy and performance is bloacked

39
Q

what is the difference for practice for retention adn performance

A

retention is variable and performance is progressive

40
Q

what is the limitations of performance based functional tests

A

they tell you that the person is having difficulty but not necessarily why

will not tell u how to treat

will no tell you the strategies the person employs to attempt the task

41
Q

what are the 3 levels of movements analysis gentile

A

action level
movement level
neuro motor level

42
Q

what 3 things go in the individual part of organization of movement

A

cognition
perception
action

43
Q

what 3 things go in the TASK part of organization of movement

A

mobility
stability
manipulation

44
Q

what 2 things go in the environment part of organization of movement

A

regulatory
nonregulatory

45
Q

what os a system for classifying tasks so that we can better understand the demands placed on a person

A

GENTILE’S TAXONOMY

46
Q

in the environmental context of GENTILE’S TAXONOMY ___ must match certain features of environment to be successful

A

movements

47
Q

in the environmental context of GENTILE’S TAXONOMY what are the 2 regulatory conditions of tasks

A
  • Fixed terrain, objects/people stationary
  • Supporting surfaces, objects, or people in motion
48
Q

in the environmental context ___ can be a determinant of action

A

timing

49
Q

_____ features of the environment control ____ features of the movement.

A

spatial 2x

50
Q

for stationary , ___ is not specificied sooo the person can decide when to start and when to edn

A

timing in

51
Q

t/f : There is motion in the environment that occurs independently of the person’s movements.

A

T

52
Q

for motion,,,, the person must match movements with ___ and ___ features of the environment

A

spatial and temporal

53
Q

in motion ,,, The person makes ongoing ____ about situation to match movements.

A

predictions

54
Q

as movement variability decrease :

  • _____ attention is paid to the movement.
  • “Can do it with eyes ____.”
  • _____, ____, ___ is formed.
  • ___ skill
A

Less

closed

pattern , trace , schema

closed

55
Q

as movement variability increased :::::

  • Continued need for ____
  • ____ movement pattern generated to match changed situation
  • ___ skill
A

attentiveness

New

Open

56
Q

if you are stationary and the INTERTRIAL variability is absent what kind of task is it

A

closed task

57
Q

if you are in motion and the INTERTRIAL variability is absent what kind of task is it

A

consistent motion tasks

58
Q

if you are stationary and the INTERTRIAL variability is present what kind of task is it

A

variable motionless tasks

59
Q

if you are in motion and the INTERTRIAL variability is present what kind of task it

A

open task

60
Q

a closed tasks….

  • Involve ____ objects
  • _____ change from trial to trial
  • ____ interaction with environment
A

stationary

Do not

Least

61
Q

variable motionless tasks…
* Objects ___, but may vary spatially from one attempt to next
* ___ interaction with environment than closed

A

stationary

More

62
Q

consistent motion tasks…

• More interaction with environment than ___
• Motion of objects remains the ____ during repeated attempts
• All have some _____ or ____ device implicated

A

closed

same

electrical or mechanical

63
Q

which tasks…
. • Requires the most interaction with environment
• Most complex, requiring the most of person

A

open

64
Q

for body orientation… tasks that require STABILIZING the body … the information processing demands are usually ___

A

low

65
Q

for body orientation… tasks that require TRANSPORTING the body … the information processing demands are usually ___

A

higher

66
Q

manipulations are more common occurs with ___ , if a maniuopulation is not occurring , the arms and hands become part of the ___ system

A

hands

postural

67
Q

when doing 2 things at once the person must do what 2 things and what is required

A

must monitor environments and gather relevant information about the object to be handled

requires increased attention

68
Q

if a person is sitting and relaxing and not using their hands what body orientation and manipulation is it

A

stabile body and absent manipulation bc not using hands

69
Q

if a pateint is sitting and writing what body orientation and manipulation is it

A

stable body orientation and presents manuluation bc using hands but sitting still

70
Q

if a pateint is walking and doing nothing with their hands what body orientation and manipulation is it

A

transport body orientation bc walking but absent manipulation bc not doing anything with hands

71
Q

if a pateint is walking and texting what body orientation and manipulation is it

A

transport body orientation bc walking and present manipulation bc texting

72
Q

in a closed/body stability tasks …
• All relevant conditions remain ___ and do not vary from one trial to next.
• _____ with no predictive demands
• Movement becomes ___
• Little attentional demands

A

fixed

Self-paced

habitual

73
Q

the practical applications of the taxconomy is that is can be sued to explore what ? aids in the selection of what ? and provides insight for what ? and is a ___ and ___ guides for evaluation

A

used to explore the basis for a patients performance deficits

aids in selection of functionally appropriate activities for educational or therapeutic purposes

provided insight into nature of learning

systematic and comprehensive

NM 2 (13 decks)

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