Lecture 2 - Evolution and Natural History of Medicinal Plants Flashcards
Based on the Geologic Timeline, when did the Earth form?
4.6 billion years ago
___________________ plants appeared during the Silurian Period (443 million years ago)
Photosynthesizing
First branching plant was called ____________
Cooksonia
______________ appeared slightly earlier than Cooksonia
Terrestrial fungi
Fungi excrete _______________ and absorb externally digested nutrients
digestive enzymes
- Animals derive their nutrition by engulfing ______
- Plant derive their nutrition by ___________
food
photosynthesis
T or F: Terrestrial fungi contributed to soil formation and facilitated plant growth
T
During the Devonian Period, early plants used ____________ in their roots
symbiotic fungi
Fungi have a _______ body and a large network of underground _________
fruiting
hyphae
In 1843, geologists in Gaspé discovered a fungi that was _______ taller than all other plants at the time. _______________ dominated between 420-350 million years ago
8x
Prototaxites
Prototaxites were _________
giant fungi
T or F: No plants appreciate you, the main purpose of the plants are to reproduce and survive
T
______________ had hundreds of sharp teeth designed to eat conifers
Hydrosaurs
Terrestrial plants produce an arsenal of compounds to:
- deter plant-eating animals
- discourage the growth of other seedlings
- inhibit soil bacteria and fungi
T or F: Plants can repel, sicken, confuse, stunt, sterilize, or kill
T
Few aquatic plants produce compounds against ____________
herbivores
T or F: on land, plants had to survive desiccation in the air and exposure to UV waves from intense sunlight
T
Early plant strategies for:
- water loss:
- UV radiation:
- Flavonoid pigments:
- Anthocyanins:
- Tannins:
- Water loss: developed a layer of epidermal cells coated by a waxy cuticle layer
- UV radiation: water served as a filter for direct sunlight
- Flavonoid pigments: reflect UV wavelengths
- Anthocyanins: flavonoids that provide most of the blue, violet, and red pigments in plants
- Tannins: Astringent compounds that limit a plant’s palatability. Accumulates in the bark of woody species. Can bind to digestive enzymes and interfere with digestion. Can cause cancers in animals and people who are chronically exposed to tannins
Name some physical plant defesnes:
- bark
- waxy cuticles
- hard shells, thorns
- spines
- trichomes
Name some plant chemical defenses:
- alkaloids (noxious odors)
- opioids (lethargy)
- glycol cyanide (poison)
- cardiac glycosides (poison)
- lectins (binds to CHO)
- oxalates (binds minerals and causes damage to gut)
Name some plant timing defenses:
- Mast years in nut trees
- Jasmonates are hormones that attract parasitoid insects to fight attackers
- long-distance signaling to boost defense in other parts of the plant and neighbouring plants
How do you identify a flavonoid:
6-3-6 (benzene rings)
Nut meg is an _________________
hallucinogen
Wild Yam active agent (Diosgenin) followed by multiple chemical reactions, __________ is produced
progesterone
Their diverse, complex metabolic effects have been used as medicines since ancient times:
phytochemicals
T or F: phytochemicals, many evolved as natural deterrents and toxins
T