6 - Plants that affect Amino acid and Monoamine receptors Flashcards
1
Q
Name the 3 amino acids of interest:
A
- Glutamate
- GABA
- Glycine
2
Q
Name the monoamines of interest:
A
1) indolamines: serotonin
2) catecholamines: dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
3
Q
Ibotenic acid is similar in structure to which compound _________________
A
Glutamic acid
4
Q
Muscimol is similar in structure to which compound _________________
A
GABA
5
Q
Ibotenic and Muscimol are present where?
A
In Amanita mushrooms
6
Q
T or F: Glutamate is found everywhere in the CNS, it is the universal excitator
A
T
7
Q
T or F: Glutamate plays a critical role in long term potentiation (memory) and neuroplasticity
A
T
8
Q
Glutamate can be used to treat what:
A
ALS because it excites motor, sensory and cognitive neurons
9
Q
Talk about the receptors of glutamate:
A
- they are all excitatory
- Ionotropic: NMDA, AMPA, Kainate
- Metabotropic: Group 1,2&3
10
Q
AMPA receptor has _____________ only
A
Na+/K+ influx
11
Q
NMDA receptor:
- Needs two ligands __________
- Needs electrostatic repulsion to unplug _____ block
- ______influx along with Na+ and K+
A
- Glutamate and glycine
- Mg2+
- CA2+
12
Q
_________________ receptors are responsible for excitotoxicity and cell death
A
Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors
13
Q
Excitotoxicity results from stimulation of ___________ receptors
A
NMDA and AMPA
14
Q
T or F: Synaptic NMDA receptors contribute to health and longevity of cells
A
T
15
Q
Name some conditions linked with excitotoxicity:
A
- stroke
- traumatic brain injury
- multiple sclerosis
- alzheimer’s disease
16
Q
______________________ protects spinal cord neurons from glutamate-induced oxidative stress through regulating the heat shock protein
A
Allicin
17
Q
T or F: Resveratrol up-regulates the AMPA receptor
A
T
18
Q
_________________ attenuates NMDA-induced excitotoxicity
A
Curcumin
19
Q
T or F: curcumin is a potent antioxidant
A
T
20
Q
Turmeric Sheet:
- Scientific name
- Part used
- Family
- Mode of administration
- Bioactive compound
- Compound class
- Uses
A
- curcuma longa
- rhizome
- zingiberaceae
- oral, fresh or boiled, ground
- curcumin
- curcuminoid (phenolic compound)
- uses: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, boosts BDNF (BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTOPIC FACTOR), Anti-Alzheimer’s can cross BBB
21
Q
What does GABA stands for:
A
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
22
Q
What glutamate excites, ________ relaxes
A
GABA
23
Q
Where is GABA found?
A
Everywhere in the CNS, interneurons (synaptic cleft)
24
Q
_________ inhibits the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, brainstem, hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia
A
GABA
25
T or F: GABA inhibits motor, sensory and cognitive neurons
T
26
T or F: GABA is used to treat anxiety and rehab for drug abuse, too little GABA causes generalized anxiety
T
27
GABA receptors are all ___________________
inhibitory
28
Name the GABA ionotropic receptor:
GABAa receptor - Cl channel
29
Name the GABA metabotropic receptor:
GABAb receptor - decreases cAMP and increases K+ channels
30
_________ is the simplest amino acid ever
Glycine
31
Glycine is found in the __________ and inhibits __________________ interneurons
spinal cord
32
Glycine is used to treat _______ only has a __________ receptor (Cl- channel)
- spasticity
| - ionotropic
33
_____________ acts as a selective competitive antagonist to block the inhibitory effects of glycine at the glycine receptors
Strychnine
34
Strychnine occurs in the seeds of _______________
Strychnos nux-vomica
35
Strychnine was used to make ______________
poison arrows
36
T or F: The Strychnine tree has some gorgeous orange fruits that are very misleading
T
37
Strychnine Tree Sheet
- Scientific name
- Part used
- Family
- Mode of administration
- Bioactive compound
- Compound class
- Uses
- Strychnos nux-vomica
- Seeds
- Longaniaceae
- Ingesiton, inhalation or injection
- Strychnine
- Alkaloid
- Poison/convulsant
38
Strychnine poisoning:
- Strychnine is a __________antagonist and also an antagonist of _________ receptors
- Affects __________________ in the spinal cord which control muscle contraction
- Poisoning results in muscular
- Eventual death through _________
- glycine receptor
- Ach
- motor nerve fibers
- convulsions
- asphyxia
39
T or F: catecholamines include dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline)
T
40
Catecholamines like dopamine and epinephrine are synthesized from ___________ and are degraded intracellularly by _______________
tyrosine
| monoamine oxidase
41
Indolamines (Serotonin 5-HT) are synthesized from ____________ and are degraded intracellularly by _______________
tryptophan
| monoamine oxidase
42
Ayahuasca - Sheet
- Scientific name
- Family
- Part used
- Mode of administration
- Bioactive compound
- Compound class
- Uses
- Banisteriopsis caapi
- Malpighiaceae
- Stems + bark
- decoction
- harmine
- alkaloid
- entheogenic + monoamine oxide inhibitor
43
DMT stands for:
dimethyltryptamine (hallucinogen)
44
Name some DMT containing plants:
- Chacruna
- Chagropanga
- Jurema preta
45
Harmine is the most abundant ______________ in B.caapi
It inhibits the breakdown of ________________ (serotonin, dopamine) and hormones (melatonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine)
As monoamine oxidase inhibitors, harmine can replenish levels of __________________
- B-carboline
- monoamine transmitters
- Serotonin and dopamine
46
T or F: Harmine has been found to increase beta-cell mass in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Research as a possible treatment is ongoing
T
47
Only known drug to induce proliferation of alpha and beta cells of the pancreas of adults:
Harmine
48
T or F: Harmine inhibits the DYRK1A Enzyme pathway - plays a role in suppressing and regulating cell proliferation
T
49
DMT
- Derivative of ___________
- Responsible for the ________________ properties of Ayahuasca (Yagé)
- tryptamine
| - hallucinogenic
50
T or F: we may produce DMT endogenously - our own body's psychedelic
T
51
T or F: DMT cannot be eaten. Monoamine oxidase in the stomach and GI lining metabolize it before entering the blood stream. It can be prepared as a powdered snuff
T
52
DMT acts as an agonist of _____________________ receptor
5-HT2A
| 5-HT2C
53
T or F: DMT accumulates in the cerebral cortex, caudate, putamen, and amygdala. It allows to access some parts of the brain that are normally not accessible
T
54
Serotonin (5-HT)
- Found in:
- Used to treat:
- Receptors:
- Brain + brainstem: pineal gland, pons, limbic function (emotions, mood, hunger, sex, instincts, temperature, sleep)
- Depression and sleep regulation
- 1) Ionotropic (5-HT 3 - excitatory)
2) Metabotropic (5-HT 1-7 - excitatory, inhibitory depending in which tissues they are found)
55
The vagus nerve is part of the parasympathetic nervous system and allows serotonin to flow from the gut to the ______
brain
56
Most serotonin is found in the ______ where it helps control bowel movements
gut
57
Serotonin is known as the _____________ hormone
happy
58
Serotonin is produced by __________________ cells lining the digestive tract
enterochromaffin (EC)
59
Healthy gut bacteria can produce short-chain fatty acids like ______ that can influence the production of serotonin in the enterochromaffin cells. They can also alter the availability of tryptophan
butyrate
60
T or F: The Brain-Gut axis, more nerves in the gut than in the spinal cord. Link between depression and IBS is strong
T
61
Serotonin converts to melatonin in the absence of _____ light
blue
62
_________ is the hormone used to wake-up/stress hormone
cortisol
63
Blue light is detected by the ______ gland and will convert serotonin to ______
pineal
| melatonin
64
Ergot - Sheet
- Scientific name:
- Family:
- Part used:
- Mode of administration:
- Bioactive compound:
- Compound class:
- Uses:
- Claviceps purpurea
- Clavicipitaceae
- Sclerotium
- Ingestion
- Ergotamine
- Ergoline Alkaloid
- Hallucinogenic / Psychedelic
65
Name the 2 types of Ergotism:
1) Serotonergic stimulation of the CNS: characterized by muscles spasms, fever and hallucinations
2) Vasoconstriction of the vascular system: poorly vascularized distal organs such as fingers and toes. This can lead to gangrene and loss of limbs
66
Morning Glory - Sheet
- Scientific name:
- Family:
- Part used:
- Mode of administration
- Bioactive compound:
- Compound class:
- Uses:
- Ipomoea tricolor
- Convolvulaceae
- Seeds
- Ingestion
- Ergine
- Ergoline alkaloid
- Hallucinogenic and psychedelic
67
LSD stands for:
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
68
LSD causes altered thoughts, feelings, and ____________. Dilates pupils, increases blood pressure and ________
hyper-awareness
| body temperature
69
A characteristic of an _____ trip is that memories and experiences from the past flood the user as if real. Many months later, flashbacks may occur spontaneously
LSD
70
St.John's Wort - Sheet
- Scientific name:
- Family:
- Part used:
- Mode of administration:
- Bioactive compound:
- Compound class:
- Uses:
- Hypericum perforatum
- Hypericaceae
- Flowers and Buds
- Tea or Tincture
- Hyperforin and Hypericin
- Phloroglucinol
- Anti-depressant
71
____________ displays similar activity to other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and with better toletance
Hyperforin
72
Clinical research results are mixed for Hyperforin, might not be effective for everyone. Some may experience side effects such as:
- digestive issues
- sleep issues
- fatigue
- skin rashes
- photosensitivity
73
St.John's Wort induces the Cytochrome P450 enzymes. This increases the ____________________
metabolism of certain drugs (decreased plasma concentration, decreased clinical effects)
