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Herbs class > 6 - Plants that affect Amino acid and Monoamine receptors > Flashcards

6 - Plants that affect Amino acid and Monoamine receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 amino acids of interest:

A
  • Glutamate
  • GABA
  • Glycine
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2
Q

Name the monoamines of interest:

A

1) indolamines: serotonin

2) catecholamines: dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

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3
Q

Ibotenic acid is similar in structure to which compound _________________

A

Glutamic acid

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4
Q

Muscimol is similar in structure to which compound _________________

A

GABA

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5
Q

Ibotenic and Muscimol are present where?

A

In Amanita mushrooms

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6
Q

T or F: Glutamate is found everywhere in the CNS, it is the universal excitator

A

T

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7
Q

T or F: Glutamate plays a critical role in long term potentiation (memory) and neuroplasticity

A

T

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8
Q

Glutamate can be used to treat what:

A

ALS because it excites motor, sensory and cognitive neurons

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9
Q

Talk about the receptors of glutamate:

A
  • they are all excitatory
  • Ionotropic: NMDA, AMPA, Kainate
  • Metabotropic: Group 1,2&3
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10
Q

AMPA receptor has _____________ only

A

Na+/K+ influx

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11
Q

NMDA receptor:

  • Needs two ligands __________
  • Needs electrostatic repulsion to unplug _____ block
  • ______influx along with Na+ and K+
A
  • Glutamate and glycine
  • Mg2+
  • CA2+
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12
Q

_________________ receptors are responsible for excitotoxicity and cell death

A

Extrasynaptic NMDA receptors

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13
Q

Excitotoxicity results from stimulation of ___________ receptors

A

NMDA and AMPA

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14
Q

T or F: Synaptic NMDA receptors contribute to health and longevity of cells

A

T

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15
Q

Name some conditions linked with excitotoxicity:

A
  • stroke
  • traumatic brain injury
  • multiple sclerosis
  • alzheimer’s disease
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16
Q

______________________ protects spinal cord neurons from glutamate-induced oxidative stress through regulating the heat shock protein

A

Allicin

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17
Q

T or F: Resveratrol up-regulates the AMPA receptor

A

T

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18
Q

_________________ attenuates NMDA-induced excitotoxicity

A

Curcumin

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19
Q

T or F: curcumin is a potent antioxidant

A

T

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20
Q

Turmeric Sheet:

  • Scientific name
  • Part used
  • Family
  • Mode of administration
  • Bioactive compound
  • Compound class
  • Uses
A
  • curcuma longa
  • rhizome
  • zingiberaceae
  • oral, fresh or boiled, ground
  • curcumin
  • curcuminoid (phenolic compound)
  • uses: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, boosts BDNF (BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTOPIC FACTOR), Anti-Alzheimer’s can cross BBB
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21
Q

What does GABA stands for:

A

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

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22
Q

What glutamate excites, ________ relaxes

A

GABA

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23
Q

Where is GABA found?

A

Everywhere in the CNS, interneurons (synaptic cleft)

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24
Q

_________ inhibits the cerebral cortex, spinal cord, brainstem, hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia

A

GABA

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25
Q

T or F: GABA inhibits motor, sensory and cognitive neurons

A

T

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26
Q

T or F: GABA is used to treat anxiety and rehab for drug abuse, too little GABA causes generalized anxiety

A

T

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27
Q

GABA receptors are all ___________________

A

inhibitory

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28
Q

Name the GABA ionotropic receptor:

A

GABAa receptor - Cl channel

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29
Q

Name the GABA metabotropic receptor:

A

GABAb receptor - decreases cAMP and increases K+ channels

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30
Q

_________ is the simplest amino acid ever

A

Glycine

31
Q

Glycine is found in the __________ and inhibits __________________ interneurons

A

spinal cord

32
Q

Glycine is used to treat _______ only has a __________ receptor (Cl- channel)

A
  • spasticity

- ionotropic

33
Q

_____________ acts as a selective competitive antagonist to block the inhibitory effects of glycine at the glycine receptors

A

Strychnine

34
Q

Strychnine occurs in the seeds of _______________

A

Strychnos nux-vomica

35
Q

Strychnine was used to make ______________

A

poison arrows

36
Q

T or F: The Strychnine tree has some gorgeous orange fruits that are very misleading

A

T

37
Q

Strychnine Tree Sheet

  • Scientific name
  • Part used
  • Family
  • Mode of administration
  • Bioactive compound
  • Compound class
  • Uses
A
  • Strychnos nux-vomica
  • Seeds
  • Longaniaceae
  • Ingesiton, inhalation or injection
  • Strychnine
  • Alkaloid
  • Poison/convulsant
38
Q

Strychnine poisoning:

  • Strychnine is a __________antagonist and also an antagonist of _________ receptors
  • Affects __________________ in the spinal cord which control muscle contraction
  • Poisoning results in muscular
  • Eventual death through _________
A
  • glycine receptor
  • Ach
  • motor nerve fibers
  • convulsions
  • asphyxia
39
Q

T or F: catecholamines include dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline)

A

T

40
Q

Catecholamines like dopamine and epinephrine are synthesized from ___________ and are degraded intracellularly by _______________

A

tyrosine

monoamine oxidase

41
Q

Indolamines (Serotonin 5-HT) are synthesized from ____________ and are degraded intracellularly by _______________

A

tryptophan

monoamine oxidase

42
Q

Ayahuasca - Sheet

  • Scientific name
  • Family
  • Part used
  • Mode of administration
  • Bioactive compound
  • Compound class
  • Uses
A
  • Banisteriopsis caapi
  • Malpighiaceae
  • Stems + bark
  • decoction
  • harmine
  • alkaloid
  • entheogenic + monoamine oxide inhibitor
43
Q

DMT stands for:

A

dimethyltryptamine (hallucinogen)

44
Q

Name some DMT containing plants:

A
  • Chacruna
  • Chagropanga
  • Jurema preta
45
Q

Harmine is the most abundant ______________ in B.caapi

It inhibits the breakdown of ________________ (serotonin, dopamine) and hormones (melatonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine)

As monoamine oxidase inhibitors, harmine can replenish levels of __________________

A
  • B-carboline
  • monoamine transmitters
  • Serotonin and dopamine
46
Q

T or F: Harmine has been found to increase beta-cell mass in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Research as a possible treatment is ongoing

A

T

47
Q

Only known drug to induce proliferation of alpha and beta cells of the pancreas of adults:

A

Harmine

48
Q

T or F: Harmine inhibits the DYRK1A Enzyme pathway - plays a role in suppressing and regulating cell proliferation

A

T

49
Q

DMT

  • Derivative of ___________
  • Responsible for the ________________ properties of Ayahuasca (Yagé)
A
  • tryptamine

- hallucinogenic

50
Q

T or F: we may produce DMT endogenously - our own body’s psychedelic

A

T

51
Q

T or F: DMT cannot be eaten. Monoamine oxidase in the stomach and GI lining metabolize it before entering the blood stream. It can be prepared as a powdered snuff

A

T

52
Q

DMT acts as an agonist of _____________________ receptor

A

5-HT2A

5-HT2C

53
Q

T or F: DMT accumulates in the cerebral cortex, caudate, putamen, and amygdala. It allows to access some parts of the brain that are normally not accessible

A

T

54
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

  • Found in:
  • Used to treat:
  • Receptors:
A
  • Brain + brainstem: pineal gland, pons, limbic function (emotions, mood, hunger, sex, instincts, temperature, sleep)
  • Depression and sleep regulation
  • 1) Ionotropic (5-HT 3 - excitatory)
    2) Metabotropic (5-HT 1-7 - excitatory, inhibitory depending in which tissues they are found)
55
Q

The vagus nerve is part of the parasympathetic nervous system and allows serotonin to flow from the gut to the ______

A

brain

56
Q

Most serotonin is found in the ______ where it helps control bowel movements

A

gut

57
Q

Serotonin is known as the _____________ hormone

A

happy

58
Q

Serotonin is produced by __________________ cells lining the digestive tract

A

enterochromaffin (EC)

59
Q

Healthy gut bacteria can produce short-chain fatty acids like ______ that can influence the production of serotonin in the enterochromaffin cells. They can also alter the availability of tryptophan

A

butyrate

60
Q

T or F: The Brain-Gut axis, more nerves in the gut than in the spinal cord. Link between depression and IBS is strong

A

T

61
Q

Serotonin converts to melatonin in the absence of _____ light

A

blue

62
Q

_________ is the hormone used to wake-up/stress hormone

A

cortisol

63
Q

Blue light is detected by the ______ gland and will convert serotonin to ______

A

pineal

melatonin

64
Q

Ergot - Sheet

  • Scientific name:
  • Family:
  • Part used:
  • Mode of administration:
  • Bioactive compound:
  • Compound class:
  • Uses:
A
  • Claviceps purpurea
  • Clavicipitaceae
  • Sclerotium
  • Ingestion
  • Ergotamine
  • Ergoline Alkaloid
  • Hallucinogenic / Psychedelic
65
Q

Name the 2 types of Ergotism:

A

1) Serotonergic stimulation of the CNS: characterized by muscles spasms, fever and hallucinations
2) Vasoconstriction of the vascular system: poorly vascularized distal organs such as fingers and toes. This can lead to gangrene and loss of limbs

66
Q

Morning Glory - Sheet

  • Scientific name:
  • Family:
  • Part used:
  • Mode of administration
  • Bioactive compound:
  • Compound class:
  • Uses:
A
  • Ipomoea tricolor
  • Convolvulaceae
  • Seeds
  • Ingestion
  • Ergine
  • Ergoline alkaloid
  • Hallucinogenic and psychedelic
67
Q

LSD stands for:

A

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

68
Q

LSD causes altered thoughts, feelings, and ____________. Dilates pupils, increases blood pressure and ________

A

hyper-awareness

body temperature

69
Q

A characteristic of an _____ trip is that memories and experiences from the past flood the user as if real. Many months later, flashbacks may occur spontaneously

A

LSD

70
Q

St.John’s Wort - Sheet

  • Scientific name:
  • Family:
  • Part used:
  • Mode of administration:
  • Bioactive compound:
  • Compound class:
  • Uses:
A
  • Hypericum perforatum
  • Hypericaceae
  • Flowers and Buds
  • Tea or Tincture
  • Hyperforin and Hypericin
  • Phloroglucinol
  • Anti-depressant
71
Q

____________ displays similar activity to other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and with better toletance

A

Hyperforin

72
Q

Clinical research results are mixed for Hyperforin, might not be effective for everyone. Some may experience side effects such as:

A
  • digestive issues
  • sleep issues
  • fatigue
  • skin rashes
  • photosensitivity
73
Q

St.John’s Wort induces the Cytochrome P450 enzymes. This increases the ____________________

A

metabolism of certain drugs (decreased plasma concentration, decreased clinical effects)

Herbs class (13 decks)

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