5 - Plants that affect acetylcholine receptors Flashcards
1
Q
Explain the nervous system overview:
A
1) Central nervous system (CNS)
- Brain
- Spinal Cord (Connects brain and peripheral nervous system)
2) Peripheral nervous system
(Carries messages to and from the central nervous system)
-Somatic nervous system (controls voluntary muscles and transmits sensory information to the CNS)
-Autonomic nervous system divided into sympathetic (expend energy) and parasympathetic (conserve and maintain energy) nervous system
2
Q
Talk about the pupil, the heart, the airways, the sweat gland, the liver, the digestive system, the adrenal glands, the uterus and the urinary system under the sympathetic nervous system:
A
- Pupil = dilate
- Heart - increases heartbeat
- Airways = dilates the bronchial tubules
- Sweat gland = stimulates secretion
- Liver - increases the rate of glycogen to glucose
- Digestive system = decrease activity
- Adrenal glands = stimulates the production of adrenaline
- Uterus = vaginal contraction
- Urinary system = relaxes bladder
3
Q
Talk about the pupil, the heart, the airways, the liver, the blood vessels, the digestive system, the uterus and the urinary system under the parasympathetic nervous system:
A
- Pupil = constriction
- Heart = slow heartbeat
- Airways = constricts the bronchial tubules
- Liver = stimulates bile release
- Blood vessels = constriction
- Digestive system = stimulates activity
- Uterus = relaxation
- Urinary system = increase the urinary output
4
Q
T or F: Adrenal glands belong only to the sympathetic nervous system
A
T
5
Q
When a neuron uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter it is called a __________ neuron
A
cholinergic
6
Q
Ganglion is where ___________
A
2 neurons meet
7
Q
T or F: some neurotransmitters are also hormones just like dopamine
A
T
8
Q
Choline is an ________________
A
essential nutrient
9
Q
Which nervous system has a cholinergic neuron (Ach) directly at the effector organ:
A
somatic nervous system
10
Q
Which nervous system has cholinergic neurons (Ach) before and after a ganglion:
A
parasympathetic nervous system
11
Q
Which nervous system has a cholinergic neuron (pre-synaptic of a ganglion) and an adrenergic neuron (post-synaptic of a ganglion) - pre-synaptic cholinergic neuron is shorter
A
Sympathetic nervous system
12
Q
Acetylcholine is found in:
A
- Brain
- Motor neuron
- Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic - ganglion neurotransmitter) (parasympathetic - both ganglionic and terminal)
13
Q
Acetylcholine can be used to treat:
A
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Dementia
14
Q
Name the 2 Acetylcholine receptors:
A
1) Ionotropic (nicotinic receptors)
2) Metabotropic (muscarinic receptors)
15
Q
Which receptor is slower Ionotropic or Metabotropic?
A
Metabotropic
- Ligand binds
- Conformational change
- Subunits can go an do their own thing example open an ionotropic receptor even
16
Q
T or F: Nicotine is a very powerful agonist which means it simulates the effects of acetylcholine
A
T
17
Q
What is Rapé?
A
Indian Tobacco - blow it right into the nosestrill
18
Q
T or F: Acetylcholine increases memory retention?
A
T
19
Q
What does entheogenic means?
A
A plant that gives us spiritual awakening
20
Q
Tobacco - Sheet
- Scientific name
- Part used
- Mode of administration
- Bioactive compound
- Compound class
- Compound structure
- Uses
A
- Nicotiana rustica/Nicotiana tabacum
- Leaves
- Insufflation/Inhalation
- Nicotine
- Alkaloid
- Uses: entheogenic, stimulant/sedative, antispasmodic, antinausea, expectorant
21
Q
What does nAChR stands for:
A
nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors
22
Q
Nicotine acts as a ______________at a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
A
receptors agonist
23
Q
T or F: a7 is the most abundant nAChR in the central nervous system
A
T
24
Q
Nicotine is highly addictive and directly stimulates the acetylcholine receptors on ___________________ neurons
A
dopamine-containing
25
T or F: Nicotine causes an overflow of dopamine in the reward centers of the brain and activates the sympathetic nervous stimulating the release of epinephrine
T
26
What are the 3 things that can happen in the synaptic cleft of a neuronal junction:
1) Reuptake by the pre-synaptic neuron
2) Degreadation by acetylcholinesterase
3) Diffusion
27
Reuptake by the presynaptic neuron, enzymatic degradation and diffusion reduce _______________
neurotransmitter levels which terminates the signal
28
PAM stands for:
Positive allosteric modulators
29
T or F: Acetylcholine or nicotine can be agonists of a7 nAChR
T
30
T or F: calcium is a huge intracellular messenger
T
31
In the brain, a7nAChRs are abundantly expressed in the regions underlying _________________________
cognition, memory, sensory processing, attention and reward
32
T or F: Dysfunctional a7nAChR are associated with many psychiatric and neurological diseases: schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, ADHD, addiction, Parkinson's disease
T
33
The _____________ pathway is more primal linked with emotions
mesolimbic
34
The effects of nicotine happen in which area of the brain:
The VTA = Ventral Tegmental area
35
T or F: The dopamine system in the brain is extremely primitive
T
36
Habituation =
when you need more of something to feel the same effects
37
Explain the 4 steps of nicotine addiction in the brain:
1) Craving - there's no nicotine in the bloodstream
2) Cigarette - in the presence of nicotine, the receptor opens and lets the signal through
3) Cigarette just finished - the receptor is desensitized and does not respond to more nicotine
4) long term smoking increases craving - more receptors are formed with long-term exposure to nicotine
38
T or F: There is increasing evidence that smokers have a lower incidence of some inflammatory diseases, including ulcerative colitis, and the protective effect involves the activation of a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway that requires the a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on immune cells
T
39
Nicotine is responsible for the addictive nature of tobacco - severe health effects of tobacco comes from _______________
other chemicals that cause lung cancer, bronchitis and emphysema
40
Curing and aging of tobacco leaves generates carcinogenic ____________________
The starch is converted to sugar, which glycates proteins. This oxidizes into ___________________
Inhalation of ______ is a major contributor to atherosclerosis and cancer
- Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs)
- Advances glycation endproducts (AGEs)
- AGEs
41
Insufflation =
The act of blowing something into a body cavity
42
Expectorant =
Promotes the secretion of sputum
43
Stimulant =
Causing raised levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body
44
Depressant =
Causing reduced functional or nervous activity
45
Entheogenic official definition =
A drug that causes one to become inspired or to experience feelings of inspiration, often in a religious or spiritual manner
46
Fly Agaric - Sheet
- Scientific name
- Part used
- Mode of administration
- Bioactive compound
- Compound class
- Uses
```
Amanita muscaria
Entire mushroom
Ingestion
Muscarine
Alkaloid
-Uses: entheogenic, hallucinogen, antinausea, expectorant
```
47
T or F: Nicotine has no effects on muscarinic receptors
T
48
Acetylcholine can affect both _____________ receptors
nicotinic and muscarinic
49
Muscarine is only found in trace amounts in _______________
Amanita muscaria
50
Muscarine mimics the actions of Ach (Ach agonist) on ____________________ receptors
muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
51
T or F: Muscarine causes profound activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. not degraded by acetylcholinesterase explaining its toxicity
T
52
muscarine can cause _______________ and death
circulatory collapse
53
Muscarine can be used to treat:
- glaucoma
- congenital megacolon
- dry mouth
54
T or F: muscarine toxicity can be treated with Atropine, an antagonist of muscarinic receptors
T
55
Explain Amanita poisoning:
- Symptoms are unpredictable - based on habitat and amount eaten
- Fatal dose is 15 caps
- Nausea. stomach aches, vomiting
- Excessive salivation, loss of balance, twitching, trembling
- Dissociative effect similar to Z-drugs like Ambien Lumesta (Sleeping drugs)
- Changes in perception (depth and size)
- Euphoria and relaxation, hypnotic/sedative
56
T or F: Muscarine is not the main psychoactive compound, muscimol and its pre-drug ibotenic acid are the cause of hallucinations and toxicity
T
57
Muscimol is a potent selective ____________________agonist respoinsible for the sedative-hypnotic, depressant and hallucinogenic psychoactivity
GABAa receptor
58
T or F: glutamate receptors are all about excitation
T
59
Ibotenic acid is a potent agonist of the _____________________ glutamate receptos
NMDA metabotropic
60
_______________ responsible for the nausea, stomach cramps and vomiting associated with Amanita ingestion
Ibotenic
61
_________________ may represent a way to induce deep concentration and introspective though
Divination
62
Name 3 plants used in divination:
1) Angel's Trumpets
2) Jimsonweed
3) Morning Glory
63
Angel's Trumpets and Jimsonweed are both in the ____________ family
Solanaceae
64
Morning Glory is in the _____________ family
Convolvulaceae
65
What are the main compounds in Angel's Trumpets and Jimsonweed:
- Tropane alkaloids
- scopolamine
- hyoscymine
- atropine
66
What is the scientific name for Angel's Trumpets:
Brugmansia
67
Jimson Weed - Sheet
- Scientific name
- Part used
- Mode of administration
- Bioactive compound
- Compound class
- Uses
- Datura stramonium
- Seeds/leaves
- Ingestion / smoked
- Atropine, Hyocyamine, Scopolamine
- Tropane Alkaloids
- Entheogenic, hallucinogenic
68
Tropane Alkaloids
-_______________: inhibits the transmission of neurotransmitter Acetylcholine
- __________________ the parasympathetic nervous system
- Can cause pronounced amnesia, bizarre behaviour, and the _____________________
- Anti-cholinergic
- Supresses
- inability to distinguish reality from fantasy
69
Medicinal use of Tropane Alkaloids still used today:
- Atropine eye drops:
- Atropine injections are used in the treatment of :
- Scopolamine used to treat:
- Hyoscyamine:
- used to dilate the pupils
- bradycardia
- motion sickness and postoperative nausea
- provides symptomatic relief of spasms caused by peptic ulcers, IBS, diverticulitis, pancreatitis and colic
70
__________________ was used as a truth serum
Scopolamine
71
_________________________ thought to be Moly from Homer's Odyssey
Snowdrop - Galanthus nivalis
72
Snowdrop - Galanthus nivalis:
- ________________ used to treat Alzheimer's disease
- As an _____________________ inhibitor, it counteracts the effects of___________________ an anti-cholinergic (counteracts the effects of tropane alkaloids)
Galantamine
acetylcholinesterase
Datura stramonium
73
Tropane alkaloids are ________________
anti-cholinergic
74
Explain the method of action of Galantamine (Snowdrop)
1) Galantamine is a potent PAM ligand for nAChR. This increases the receptor's response to Ach
2) Galantamine inhibits acetylcholinesterase and increases the concentration and action of Ach
75
T or F: Tropane alkaloids cause true hallucinations where reality and fantasy are the same, the fatal dose is very close to the hallucinogenic dose
T
76
Explain the symptoms of anti-cholinergic toxidrome (when they used to eat Jimson weed by accident)
```
blind as a bat
mad as a hatter
red as a beet
hot as a hare
dry as a bone
the bowel and bladder lose their tone
and the heart runs alone
```
77
What do Henbane, deady nightshade, mandrake and sorcerer's tree have in common
they contain tropane alkaloids
78
Natural pesticides found in high concentrations in leaves, flowers and unripe fruit:
Glycoalkaloid
79
The intact glycoalkaloid is poorly absorbed by the gut but causes gastrointestinal irritation. The ___________ is absorbed and is believed to be responsible for observed nervous system signs
aglycone
80
Glycoalkaloids bind strongly to __________ in cell membranes causing cells to leak and burst open. They also block the enzyme _________________ - can lead to paralysis, convulsions, respiratory arrest and death
cholesterol
| acetylcholinesterase
81
T or F: Glycoalkaloids / a-solanine has been seen as an anti-cancer agent
T
82
Glycoalkaloids are derived from:
cholesterol
83
What kind of toxicity can you develop with potatoes:
Solanine toxicity
84
The vast majority of glycoalkaloid is in the potato ________
skin
85
Explain how these different processing methods affect the glycoalkaloid content in potatoes:
1) Boiling
2) Microwaving
3) Deep frying at 150C
4) Deep frying at 210C
1) Reduces the glycoalkaloids by a few percentage points
2) Reduces glycoalkaloids by 15%
3) has no effect
4) reduces the glycoalkaloid content by 40%
86
What are the 2 main glycoalkaloids produced in tomatoes:
1) a-tomatine
| 2) dehydrotomatine
87
T or F: As topmatoes ripen, a-tomatine levels drop dramatically, from about 500mg/kg in green tomatoes to about 5mg/kg in ripe red tomatoes
T
88
Tomato glycoalkaloids are about ______x less toxic than potato glycoalkaloids
20
89
T or F: eggplant glycoalkaloids are considered relatively nontoxic compared to potato GA
T
90
What are the 2 glycoalkaloids produces by eggplants:
1) a-solamargine
| 2) a-solasonine
91
What is a similarity between the glycoalkaloids found in tomatoes and eggplants:
they are contained in the the seeds and the flesh
92
If you are sensitive to pepper, this is mostly due to which compound?
Capsaicin
93
Capsaicin and several related alkaloids are called _________________ and are produced by chili peppers as deterrents against certain mammals and fungi
capsaicinoids
94
Chili Pepper - Sheet
- Scientific name
- Part used
- Mode of administration
- Bioactive compound
- Compound class
- Uses
- Capsicum annuum
- fruit
- ingestion
- capsaicin
- capsaicinoid (N-containing lipid)
- Uses: analgesic, strong irritant, antiseptic, antirheumatic
95
Capsaicin is not a ______________ and does not affect AchR
glycoalkaloid
96
Capsaicin binds to which receptor:
TRPV1 receptor
97
What is the function of the TRPV 1 receptor:
-detection and regulation of body temperature and provides a sensation of scalding heat and pain (nociception)
98
T or F: Capsaicin does not actually cause a chemical burn or indeed any direct tissue damage at all. The inflammation resulting from exposure to capsaicin is believed to be the result of the body's reaction to nerve excitement
T
99
What does the Scoville scale measures:
the heat based on the concentration of capsaicinoids
100
________________ is a neuropeptide, acting as a neurotransmitter ans as a neuromodulator
Substance P
101
Capsaicin renders skin and joints insensitive to pain by _____________________of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons. WIth the depletion of substance P in the nerve endinfs, local pain impulses cannot be transmitted to the brain
depleting and preventing re-accumulation
