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Herbs class > 5 - Plants that affect acetylcholine receptors > Flashcards

5 - Plants that affect acetylcholine receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the nervous system overview:

A

1) Central nervous system (CNS)
- Brain
- Spinal Cord (Connects brain and peripheral nervous system)

2) Peripheral nervous system
(Carries messages to and from the central nervous system)
-Somatic nervous system (controls voluntary muscles and transmits sensory information to the CNS)
-Autonomic nervous system divided into sympathetic (expend energy) and parasympathetic (conserve and maintain energy) nervous system

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2
Q

Talk about the pupil, the heart, the airways, the sweat gland, the liver, the digestive system, the adrenal glands, the uterus and the urinary system under the sympathetic nervous system:

A
  • Pupil = dilate
  • Heart - increases heartbeat
  • Airways = dilates the bronchial tubules
  • Sweat gland = stimulates secretion
  • Liver - increases the rate of glycogen to glucose
  • Digestive system = decrease activity
  • Adrenal glands = stimulates the production of adrenaline
  • Uterus = vaginal contraction
  • Urinary system = relaxes bladder
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3
Q

Talk about the pupil, the heart, the airways, the liver, the blood vessels, the digestive system, the uterus and the urinary system under the parasympathetic nervous system:

A
  • Pupil = constriction
  • Heart = slow heartbeat
  • Airways = constricts the bronchial tubules
  • Liver = stimulates bile release
  • Blood vessels = constriction
  • Digestive system = stimulates activity
  • Uterus = relaxation
  • Urinary system = increase the urinary output
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4
Q

T or F: Adrenal glands belong only to the sympathetic nervous system

A

T

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5
Q

When a neuron uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter it is called a __________ neuron

A

cholinergic

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6
Q

Ganglion is where ___________

A

2 neurons meet

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7
Q

T or F: some neurotransmitters are also hormones just like dopamine

A

T

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8
Q

Choline is an ________________

A

essential nutrient

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9
Q

Which nervous system has a cholinergic neuron (Ach) directly at the effector organ:

A

somatic nervous system

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10
Q

Which nervous system has cholinergic neurons (Ach) before and after a ganglion:

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

Which nervous system has a cholinergic neuron (pre-synaptic of a ganglion) and an adrenergic neuron (post-synaptic of a ganglion) - pre-synaptic cholinergic neuron is shorter

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

Acetylcholine is found in:

A
  • Brain
  • Motor neuron
  • Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic - ganglion neurotransmitter) (parasympathetic - both ganglionic and terminal)
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13
Q

Acetylcholine can be used to treat:

A
  • Alzheimer’s disease

- Dementia

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14
Q

Name the 2 Acetylcholine receptors:

A

1) Ionotropic (nicotinic receptors)

2) Metabotropic (muscarinic receptors)

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15
Q

Which receptor is slower Ionotropic or Metabotropic?

A

Metabotropic

  • Ligand binds
  • Conformational change
  • Subunits can go an do their own thing example open an ionotropic receptor even
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16
Q

T or F: Nicotine is a very powerful agonist which means it simulates the effects of acetylcholine

A

T

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17
Q

What is Rapé?

A

Indian Tobacco - blow it right into the nosestrill

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18
Q

T or F: Acetylcholine increases memory retention?

A

T

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19
Q

What does entheogenic means?

A

A plant that gives us spiritual awakening

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20
Q

Tobacco - Sheet

  • Scientific name
  • Part used
  • Mode of administration
  • Bioactive compound
  • Compound class
  • Compound structure
  • Uses
A
  • Nicotiana rustica/Nicotiana tabacum
  • Leaves
  • Insufflation/Inhalation
  • Nicotine
  • Alkaloid
  • Uses: entheogenic, stimulant/sedative, antispasmodic, antinausea, expectorant
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21
Q

What does nAChR stands for:

A

nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors

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22
Q

Nicotine acts as a ______________at a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

A

receptors agonist

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23
Q

T or F: a7 is the most abundant nAChR in the central nervous system

A

T

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24
Q

Nicotine is highly addictive and directly stimulates the acetylcholine receptors on ___________________ neurons

A

dopamine-containing

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25
Q

T or F: Nicotine causes an overflow of dopamine in the reward centers of the brain and activates the sympathetic nervous stimulating the release of epinephrine

A

T

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26
Q

What are the 3 things that can happen in the synaptic cleft of a neuronal junction:

A

1) Reuptake by the pre-synaptic neuron
2) Degreadation by acetylcholinesterase
3) Diffusion

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27
Q

Reuptake by the presynaptic neuron, enzymatic degradation and diffusion reduce _______________

A

neurotransmitter levels which terminates the signal

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28
Q

PAM stands for:

A

Positive allosteric modulators

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29
Q

T or F: Acetylcholine or nicotine can be agonists of a7 nAChR

A

T

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30
Q

T or F: calcium is a huge intracellular messenger

A

T

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31
Q

In the brain, a7nAChRs are abundantly expressed in the regions underlying _________________________

A

cognition, memory, sensory processing, attention and reward

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32
Q

T or F: Dysfunctional a7nAChR are associated with many psychiatric and neurological diseases: schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, ADHD, addiction, Parkinson’s disease

A

T

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33
Q

The _____________ pathway is more primal linked with emotions

A

mesolimbic

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34
Q

The effects of nicotine happen in which area of the brain:

A

The VTA = Ventral Tegmental area

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35
Q

T or F: The dopamine system in the brain is extremely primitive

A

T

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36
Q

Habituation =

A

when you need more of something to feel the same effects

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37
Q

Explain the 4 steps of nicotine addiction in the brain:

A

1) Craving - there’s no nicotine in the bloodstream
2) Cigarette - in the presence of nicotine, the receptor opens and lets the signal through
3) Cigarette just finished - the receptor is desensitized and does not respond to more nicotine
4) long term smoking increases craving - more receptors are formed with long-term exposure to nicotine

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38
Q

T or F: There is increasing evidence that smokers have a lower incidence of some inflammatory diseases, including ulcerative colitis, and the protective effect involves the activation of a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway that requires the a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on immune cells

A

T

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39
Q

Nicotine is responsible for the addictive nature of tobacco - severe health effects of tobacco comes from _______________

A

other chemicals that cause lung cancer, bronchitis and emphysema

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40
Q

Curing and aging of tobacco leaves generates carcinogenic ____________________

The starch is converted to sugar, which glycates proteins. This oxidizes into ___________________

Inhalation of ______ is a major contributor to atherosclerosis and cancer

A
  • Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs)
  • Advances glycation endproducts (AGEs)
  • AGEs
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41
Q

Insufflation =

A

The act of blowing something into a body cavity

42
Q

Expectorant =

A

Promotes the secretion of sputum

43
Q

Stimulant =

A

Causing raised levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body

44
Q

Depressant =

A

Causing reduced functional or nervous activity

45
Q

Entheogenic official definition =

A

A drug that causes one to become inspired or to experience feelings of inspiration, often in a religious or spiritual manner

46
Q

Fly Agaric - Sheet

  • Scientific name
  • Part used
  • Mode of administration
  • Bioactive compound
  • Compound class
  • Uses
A 
Amanita muscaria
Entire mushroom
Ingestion
Muscarine
Alkaloid
-Uses: entheogenic, hallucinogen, antinausea, expectorant
47
Q

T or F: Nicotine has no effects on muscarinic receptors

A

T

48
Q

Acetylcholine can affect both _____________ receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

49
Q

Muscarine is only found in trace amounts in _______________

A

Amanita muscaria

50
Q

Muscarine mimics the actions of Ach (Ach agonist) on ____________________ receptors

A

muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

51
Q

T or F: Muscarine causes profound activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. not degraded by acetylcholinesterase explaining its toxicity

A

T

52
Q

muscarine can cause _______________ and death

A

circulatory collapse

53
Q

Muscarine can be used to treat:

A
  • glaucoma
  • congenital megacolon
  • dry mouth
54
Q

T or F: muscarine toxicity can be treated with Atropine, an antagonist of muscarinic receptors

A

T

55
Q

Explain Amanita poisoning:

A
  • Symptoms are unpredictable - based on habitat and amount eaten
  • Fatal dose is 15 caps
  • Nausea. stomach aches, vomiting
  • Excessive salivation, loss of balance, twitching, trembling
  • Dissociative effect similar to Z-drugs like Ambien Lumesta (Sleeping drugs)
  • Changes in perception (depth and size)
  • Euphoria and relaxation, hypnotic/sedative
56
Q

T or F: Muscarine is not the main psychoactive compound, muscimol and its pre-drug ibotenic acid are the cause of hallucinations and toxicity

A

T

57
Q

Muscimol is a potent selective ____________________agonist respoinsible for the sedative-hypnotic, depressant and hallucinogenic psychoactivity

A

GABAa receptor

58
Q

T or F: glutamate receptors are all about excitation

A

T

59
Q

Ibotenic acid is a potent agonist of the _____________________ glutamate receptos

A

NMDA metabotropic

60
Q

_______________ responsible for the nausea, stomach cramps and vomiting associated with Amanita ingestion

A

Ibotenic

61
Q

_________________ may represent a way to induce deep concentration and introspective though

A

Divination

62
Q

Name 3 plants used in divination:

A

1) Angel’s Trumpets
2) Jimsonweed
3) Morning Glory

63
Q

Angel’s Trumpets and Jimsonweed are both in the ____________ family

A

Solanaceae

64
Q

Morning Glory is in the _____________ family

A

Convolvulaceae

65
Q

What are the main compounds in Angel’s Trumpets and Jimsonweed:

A
  • Tropane alkaloids
  • scopolamine
  • hyoscymine
  • atropine
66
Q

What is the scientific name for Angel’s Trumpets:

A

Brugmansia

67
Q

Jimson Weed - Sheet

  • Scientific name
  • Part used
  • Mode of administration
  • Bioactive compound
  • Compound class
  • Uses
A
  • Datura stramonium
  • Seeds/leaves
  • Ingestion / smoked
  • Atropine, Hyocyamine, Scopolamine
  • Tropane Alkaloids
  • Entheogenic, hallucinogenic
68
Q

Tropane Alkaloids
-_______________: inhibits the transmission of neurotransmitter Acetylcholine

  • __________________ the parasympathetic nervous system
  • Can cause pronounced amnesia, bizarre behaviour, and the _____________________
A
  • Anti-cholinergic
  • Supresses
  • inability to distinguish reality from fantasy
69
Q

Medicinal use of Tropane Alkaloids still used today:

  • Atropine eye drops:
  • Atropine injections are used in the treatment of :
  • Scopolamine used to treat:
  • Hyoscyamine:
A
  • used to dilate the pupils
  • bradycardia
  • motion sickness and postoperative nausea
  • provides symptomatic relief of spasms caused by peptic ulcers, IBS, diverticulitis, pancreatitis and colic
70
Q

__________________ was used as a truth serum

A

Scopolamine

71
Q

_________________________ thought to be Moly from Homer’s Odyssey

A

Snowdrop - Galanthus nivalis

72
Q

Snowdrop - Galanthus nivalis:

  • ________________ used to treat Alzheimer’s disease
  • As an _____________________ inhibitor, it counteracts the effects of___________________ an anti-cholinergic (counteracts the effects of tropane alkaloids)
A

Galantamine

acetylcholinesterase

Datura stramonium

73
Q

Tropane alkaloids are ________________

A

anti-cholinergic

74
Q

Explain the method of action of Galantamine (Snowdrop)

A

1) Galantamine is a potent PAM ligand for nAChR. This increases the receptor’s response to Ach
2) Galantamine inhibits acetylcholinesterase and increases the concentration and action of Ach

75
Q

T or F: Tropane alkaloids cause true hallucinations where reality and fantasy are the same, the fatal dose is very close to the hallucinogenic dose

A

T

76
Q

Explain the symptoms of anti-cholinergic toxidrome (when they used to eat Jimson weed by accident)

A 
blind as a bat
mad as a hatter
red as a beet
hot as a hare
dry as a bone
the bowel and bladder lose their tone
and the heart runs alone
77
Q

What do Henbane, deady nightshade, mandrake and sorcerer’s tree have in common

A

they contain tropane alkaloids

78
Q

Natural pesticides found in high concentrations in leaves, flowers and unripe fruit:

A

Glycoalkaloid

79
Q

The intact glycoalkaloid is poorly absorbed by the gut but causes gastrointestinal irritation. The ___________ is absorbed and is believed to be responsible for observed nervous system signs

A

aglycone

80
Q

Glycoalkaloids bind strongly to __________ in cell membranes causing cells to leak and burst open. They also block the enzyme _________________ - can lead to paralysis, convulsions, respiratory arrest and death

A

cholesterol

acetylcholinesterase

81
Q

T or F: Glycoalkaloids / a-solanine has been seen as an anti-cancer agent

A

T

82
Q

Glycoalkaloids are derived from:

A

cholesterol

83
Q

What kind of toxicity can you develop with potatoes:

A

Solanine toxicity

84
Q

The vast majority of glycoalkaloid is in the potato ________

A

skin

85
Q

Explain how these different processing methods affect the glycoalkaloid content in potatoes:

1) Boiling
2) Microwaving
3) Deep frying at 150C
4) Deep frying at 210C

A

1) Reduces the glycoalkaloids by a few percentage points
2) Reduces glycoalkaloids by 15%
3) has no effect
4) reduces the glycoalkaloid content by 40%

86
Q

What are the 2 main glycoalkaloids produced in tomatoes:

A

1) a-tomatine

2) dehydrotomatine

87
Q

T or F: As topmatoes ripen, a-tomatine levels drop dramatically, from about 500mg/kg in green tomatoes to about 5mg/kg in ripe red tomatoes

A

T

88
Q

Tomato glycoalkaloids are about ______x less toxic than potato glycoalkaloids

A

20

89
Q

T or F: eggplant glycoalkaloids are considered relatively nontoxic compared to potato GA

A

T

90
Q

What are the 2 glycoalkaloids produces by eggplants:

A

1) a-solamargine

2) a-solasonine

91
Q

What is a similarity between the glycoalkaloids found in tomatoes and eggplants:

A

they are contained in the the seeds and the flesh

92
Q

If you are sensitive to pepper, this is mostly due to which compound?

A

Capsaicin

93
Q

Capsaicin and several related alkaloids are called _________________ and are produced by chili peppers as deterrents against certain mammals and fungi

A

capsaicinoids

94
Q

Chili Pepper - Sheet

  • Scientific name
  • Part used
  • Mode of administration
  • Bioactive compound
  • Compound class
  • Uses
A
  • Capsicum annuum
  • fruit
  • ingestion
  • capsaicin
  • capsaicinoid (N-containing lipid)
  • Uses: analgesic, strong irritant, antiseptic, antirheumatic
95
Q

Capsaicin is not a ______________ and does not affect AchR

A

glycoalkaloid

96
Q

Capsaicin binds to which receptor:

A

TRPV1 receptor

97
Q

What is the function of the TRPV 1 receptor:

A

-detection and regulation of body temperature and provides a sensation of scalding heat and pain (nociception)

98
Q

T or F: Capsaicin does not actually cause a chemical burn or indeed any direct tissue damage at all. The inflammation resulting from exposure to capsaicin is believed to be the result of the body’s reaction to nerve excitement

A

T

99
Q

What does the Scoville scale measures:

A

the heat based on the concentration of capsaicinoids

100
Q

________________ is a neuropeptide, acting as a neurotransmitter ans as a neuromodulator

A

Substance P

101
Q

Capsaicin renders skin and joints insensitive to pain by _____________________of substance P in peripheral sensory neurons. WIth the depletion of substance P in the nerve endinfs, local pain impulses cannot be transmitted to the brain

A

depleting and preventing re-accumulation

Herbs class (13 decks)

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