Lec 8 Review

Question 1

Used to enhance memory or other cognitive functions:

Answer 1

Nootropic

Question 2

To be considered a nootropic, a substance must:

Answer 2

1) enhance memory and ability to learn
2) help the brain function under disruptive conditions
3) protect the brain from physical or chemical assaults
4) possess few or no side effects and virtually be non-toxic
5) increase the efficacy of neuronal firing control

Question 3

Piracetam is a __________________

Answer 3

positive allosteric modulator of the glutamate AMPA receptor that is colocalized with cholinergic receptors

Question 4

• Used to treat sleepiness due to narcolepsy or sleep apnea
• Narcolepsy is caused by a dysfunction of orexin peptides - responsible for wakefulness and sleep suppression
• Improves fatigue levels in healthy adults, motivation, reaction time and vigilance:

Answer 4

Modafinil

Question 5

Modafinil is a FDA-approved ___________

Answer 5

eugeroic

Question 6

Ginkgo:

• Scientific name
• Part used
• Bioactive compound

Answer 6

• Ginkgo biloba
• leaves and roots
• ginkgolides

Question 7

Mechanism of Ginkgo:

4 important things

Answer 7

1) Cholinergic
- Increases uptake and release of Acetylcholine
2) Monoamine
- inhibits MAO
- increases uptake of serotonin
3) GABA
- elevates GABA levels
- increases glutamic acid decarboxylase activity
4) Vascular
- nitric oxide dependent vasodilation

Question 8

Short term memory tasks increase uptake of

Answer 8

Acetylcholine

Question 9

Long term memory tasks causes an acute increase followed by

Answer 9

a long lasting decrease and inhibition

Question 10

____________ a terpene lactone in Ginkgo, elevates GABA in the hippocampus

Answer 10

Bilobalide

Question 11

T or F: Ginkgo increases glutamic acid decarboxylase activity

Answer 11

T

Question 12

Ginseng:

• Scientific name
• Part used
• Bioactive compound

Answer 12

• Panax ginseng
• Root
• Ginsengosides

Question 13

Ginseng mechanism of action: (5)

Answer 13

1) Cholinergic
2) Monoamines
3) Nitric oxide
4) Neurotrophic
- increase nerve growth factor expression
5) Ca2+ influx
- inhibits Ca channels

Question 14

Bacopa (Brahmi)

• Scientific name
• Part used
• Bioactive compound

Answer 14

• Bacopa monnieri
• Leaves and stem
• Bakosides (triterpenoid saponin)

Question 15

Firmoss:

• Scientific name
• Part used
• Bioactive compound

Answer 15

• Huperzia serrata
• Clubmoss
• Huperzine A

Question 16

Huperzine A is a ________________________ that crosses the blood-brain barrier

Answer 16

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and NMDA antagonist

*As an NMDA receptor antagonist it can help prevent neurons from cell death from excitotoxicity

Question 17

Indian Coleus:

• Scientific name
• Part used
• Bioactive compound

Answer 17

• Coleus foskolii
• Roots
• Forskolin

Question 18

Why is forksolin unique among nootropics?

Answer 18

Forskolin increases intracellular levels of cAMP through adenylate cyclase activation

Question 19

Artichoke extract contains luteolin a __________________

Answer 19

phosphodiesterase inhibitor PDE4

Question 20

Lion’s mane:

• Scientific name
• Part used
• Bioactive compound

Answer 20

• Hericium erinaceus
• Fruit body
• Hericenone/Erinacine

Question 21

Brain derived neurotropic factor is a protein related to NGF and found in the _______ and ________

Answer 21

brain

pns

Question 22

Helps support nerve health and encourages the growth and specialization of new nerves and synapses:

Answer 22

BNNF