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Epidemiology & Population Health > Lecture 2:epidemiology study design > Flashcards

Lecture 2:epidemiology study design Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the strongest method of scientific evidence located in the pyramid ?

A

At the top

Example: Meta Analysis

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2
Q

Where is the weakest method of scientific evidence located in the pyramid?

A

Bottom

Example: expert opinion, case series

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3
Q

What is the order of the pyramid of hierarchy of scientific evidence?

A 
Meta analysis 
Systematic review 
Randomised controlled trials 
Cohort studies 
Case control studies 
Case series/case reports
Background information/ expert opinion
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4
Q

How can validity be described?

A

Measurement validity
Study validity
Internal validity
External validity

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5
Q

What is measurement validity?

A

The degree to which a measurement measures what it purports to measure

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6
Q

What is study validity ?

A

The degree to which the inference draw from a study is warranted

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7
Q

What is internal validity ?

A

Groups used for comparison are selected and compared in such a manner that observed differences between them in terms of dependent variable under study, apart from sampling error, can be attributed only to the hypothesised effect under investigation

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8
Q

What is external validity ?

A

Generalisability. A study has good external validity if it can produce unbiased inferences regarding a target population (beyond the study participants)

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9
Q

Factors of descriptive studies ?

A

No comparison
Bottom of pyramid
Important role in medical sciences
Evidence generated from clinical observation

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10
Q

What is cohort studies?

A

An observational method in Epidemiology, whereby a population is defined at To and is followed up over a period of time, sometimes over ,any years, and exposures and health outcomes of interest remains recorded

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11
Q

What are synonyms of cohort studies?

A

Longitudinal studies

Prospective studies

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12
Q

What are the pros of cohort study?

A

Sufficient large follow up

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13
Q

What are the cons of cohort study ?

A
  • lack of control over the groups within the population

- key exposures of interest may go hand-in-hand with confounding factors

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14
Q

What are case control studies?

A

Retrospective observational studies, they stariate the END POINT and look BACKWARDS to record historical differences in exposure between two or more groups (I.e. cases)

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15
Q

What are the pros of case-control studies?

A

Make it possible to study the different exposures that may have lead to rare conditions

Suited for study of rare conditions

Suited for historical well documented exposes

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16
Q

What are cons of case-control studies?

A

Open to a number of biases

17
Q

What is a Caveat?

A

An association between a risk factor and a disease

DOES NOT NECESSARILY INDICARE A CASUAL RELATIONSHIP

18
Q

What are cross-sectional studies?

A

Observational method in epidemiology that represent a SNAPSHOT of the health picture in a population at a given point in time

19
Q

What are the pros of cross sectional studies?

A

Useful for estimating prevalence within a population

20
Q

What is the study design temporal direction of cohort study?

A

From exposure to outcome

21
Q

What is the study design temporal direction of case-control study?

A

From outcome to exposure

22
Q

What are randomised controlled trials?

A

An experimental method in Epidemiology, where participants wishing a population are randomly allocated to two or more groups called INTERVENTION/EXPERIMENTAL groups/ CONTROL groups

23
Q

What is usually considered the gold standard in terms of hypothesis testing?

A

High quality Randomised controlled trials

24
Q

What are the pros of Randomised controlled trials?

A

Internal validity : minimises confounding bias
Replicability
External validity: generalisability
More likely to influence practice

25
Q

What are the cons of Randomised controlled trials?

A 
Coverage bias 
Participation bias
Can’t answer all question types
Expensive 
Context- free
26
Q

When does Confounding occur?

A

Confounding occurs when the effects of two associated exposures have not been separated, resulting in the interpretation that the effect is due to one variable rather than the other

27
Q

What is the consequence of Confounding?

A

The consequence is that the estimated association is not the same as the true effect

28
Q

………..study design answer…………types of questions

A

Different

Different

29
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

Any type of research that employs non-numerical information to explore individual or group characteristics, producing findings not arrived at by statistical procedure or other quantitative means (attitudes,acceptability,value,ethics,etc)

30
Q

What factors must you consider in choosing the appropriate method ?

A

Outcomes measures: qualitative or quantitative? Valid and reliable? How can they be operationalised?

Duration: over what period of time will outcomes manifest themselves

Controlling variables: how can the effects of extraneous aria let’s be minimised?

31
Q

What is meta-analysis?

A

Pooling results in a statistically valid fashion

32
Q

What is systematic review?

A

Identifying, quality appraising and synthesising ALL published information in a giving clinical area

33
Q

All epidemiological studies must be reviewed and approved by ethical review committees
True or false

A

True

34
Q

What are the ethical principles that apply to epidemiological practice and research?

A

Informed consent
Confidentiality
Respect for human rights
Scientific integrity

35
Q

Epidemiological research methods can be used to answer questions regarding Clinical and Public Health risk factors and interventions.

True or false

A

True

36
Q

Randomised Controlled Trials are usually considered the ‘gold standard’, especially for testing interventions, AND they’re not always feasible or ethical

True or false

A

False

37
Q

A study of any design is likely to have a range of strengths and weaknesses.

True or false

A

True

38
Q

Qualitative methods may be used to gain in-depth data about attitudes, and quantitative data are not normally required for hypothesis testing

True or false

A

False

Epidemiology & Population Health (12 decks)

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