Lecture 12:Health Policy

Question 1

Who are the stakeholders in public health policy?

Answer 1

Any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of policy objectives:

Officials of agencies engaged in public health

People affected by decisions

Citizens

Question 2

What is the Any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of policy objectives?

Answer 2

Framework used in health policy research and used to analyse a large number of health issues

Question 3

What are the subjects of the Walt and Gilson Health policy triangle framework?

Answer 3

• Content (what) includes policy objectives, operational policies, legislation, regulations, guidelines, etc.
• Context refers to systemic factors: social, economic, political, cultural, and other environmental conditions.
• Actors (who) refer to influential individuals, groups and organisations.
• Process (how) refers to the way in which policies are initiated, developed or formulated, negotiated, communicated, implemented and

Question 4

When was the first international conference on health promotion? What was the outcome?

Answer 4

Ottawa, 21 November 1986

“Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health”.

Achieve health for all by the year 2000 and beyond

Question 5

What is the Ottawa model for fir Smoking cessation (OMSC)?

Answer 5

OMSC= PRACTICE CHANGE PROCESS + EVIDENCE-BASED CESSATION TREATMENT PROTOCOL

Question 6

What are the phases of the Ottawa model for smoking cessation (OMSC)?

Answer 6

Phase 1- Introduction
Phase 2- pre-implementation, evaluation
Phase 2- program planning & protocol development
Phase 4- training & promotion
Phase 5- program implementation
Phase 6 post-implementation evaluation & program sustainability

Question 7

What is the CURE project ?

Answer 7

The CURE project is a comprehensive secondary care treatment programme for tobacco addiction. At its heart is systematically identifying all active smokers admitted to secondary care and immediately offering nicotine replacement therapy and other medications, as well as specialist support, for the duration of the admission and after discharge.

Question 8

What is a Systems approach?

Answer 8

Pulls disparate views together in order to organise an effective policy response. Recognition of multiple influences and levels of influence – there is no single policy solution

Question 9

Public health policy has a profound effect on health status.

True or false?

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Stakeholder involvement (including public) is not an important aspect of policy formation in the UK

True or false

Answer 10

False, it is

Question 11

What is policy formation influenced by?

Answer 11

a wide range of political, social, financial factors as well as scientific evidence

Question 12

You are in charge of a policy for increasing physical activity in your local area. You decide to use the hierarchy of evidence to identify the best quality evidence to guide your course of action. Out of the following list of evidence types which one would you choose to start with?
A. A literature review of some of the evidence
B. An RCT comparing different types of interventions for increasing physical activity
C. Clinicalguidelinesforpublichealthinterventionstoincreasephysical activity
D. Qualitative interviews with a group of participants from a previous exercise group intervention
E. A natural experiment comparing outcomes between two different types of environmental level interventions designed to support physical activity

Answer 12

C. Clinical guidelines for public health interventions to increase physical activity

Question 13

Which of the following does NOT form the process of NICE’s public health guidance process?
A. Critical appraisal of the evidence
B. Economic evaluation
C. Public consultation
D. Discounting studies that are low down in the hierarchy of evidence
E. Stakeholder consultation

Answer 13

D. Discounting studies that are low down in the hierarchy of evidence

Question 14

According to the Health Policy Triangle, what is meant by ‘process’
A. How policies are initiated, developed or formulated, negotiated, communicated, implemented and evaluated.
B. The process of evaluating the evidence to make policy recommendations
C. The type of health promotion approaches used to effect and promote policies to individuals (e.g. behavioural, empowerment, educational)

Answer 14

A. How policies are initiated, developed or formulated, negotiated, communicated, implemented and evaluated

Question 15

Why is ‘medicalising’ tobacco addiction important according to the Manchester CURE project?
A. To better regulate pharmacological interventions for smoking interventions
B. To facilitate smoking cessation interventions in secondary care settings instead of community/primary care settings
C. To legitimise a medical approach to health promotion for smoking cessation
D. To reduce stigma

Answer 15

D. To reduce stigma

Question 16

Which of the following statements about a systems approach to health policy is true?
A. Applies generalised principles of what works to improve a health condition or behaviour to different population groups
B. Focuses on a social change approach to health interventions
C. Incorporates upstream and downstream interventions
D. Is led by the national government who instruct Local Authorities how to implement change at local level
E. Uses a linear cause -> effect model to treat disease

Answer 16

C. Incorporates upstream and downstream interventions