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Epidemiology & Population Health > Lecture 1: intro > Flashcards

Lecture 1: intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is health? WHO-1976

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing not merely the absence of pain of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

What is health?-WHO 1979

A

A resource which gives people the ability to manage and change surroundings

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3
Q

What is health - WHO 1986

A

A resource for everyday life not objective for living …social and personal resources

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4
Q

What is Public Health?

A

Science and art of preventing diseases, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society - ACHESON, 1988

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5
Q

What is Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems.

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6
Q

What are social determinants of health ?

A

The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels (WHO).

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7
Q

What are the semi-circles called in the Social Determinants of Health diagram?

A

The SEMICIRCLES are called LEVELS OF INTERVENTION on health

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8
Q

Which levels of intervention is the easiest to modify ?

A

Level 1- choice of individual lifestyle

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9
Q

Which level of intervention is more difficult to modify?

A

Level 4- general socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions

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10
Q

What is equality?

A

It promotes fairness and justice by giving everyone the same thing

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11
Q

When can equality work?

A

Can only work if everyone starts from the same starting point

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12
Q

What is a synonym of equality?

A

Sameness

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13
Q

What is equity?

A

Equity is the absence of avoidable or remediable differences among groups of people, whether those groups are defined socially, economically, demographically, or geographically. (WHO)

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14
Q

What is equity in health?

A

Equity in health implies that ideally everyone could attain their full health potential and that no one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of their social position or other socially determined circumstance.
Whitehead, M. & Dahlgren, G. (2006)

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15
Q

What is a synonyms for equity?

A

Fairness

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16
Q

What are health inequalities?

A

Avoidable, unfair and systematic differences in health between different groups of people

17
Q

What is does a lower GDP indicate?

A

A lower expectancy of life

18
Q

What does Public Health involve?

A
  • Surveillance
  • Risk Factor Identification
  • Intervention Evaluation
  • Implementation
19
Q

What are Public Health achievements?

A 
Vaccination
Motor vehicle safety
Safer workplaces 
Control of infectious diseases 
Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke 
Safer and healthier foods 
Healthier mothers and babies 
Family planning
20
Q

What is the Inverse Care Law?

A

The inverse care law states that the availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served.

(Tudor Hart J, 1971. The inverse care law, Lancet 696.)

21
Q

What are the levels of prevention?

A
  • Primordial prevention: social & environmental determinants
  • Primary prevention: risk & protective factors
  • Secondary prevention: preclinical phase + clinical phase
  • Tertiary prevention: post-clinical phase
22
Q

What is the etiological phase ?

A

Social & environmental determinants + risk & protective factors

23
Q

What are the two approaches for prevention?

A
  • population approach

- high-risk approach

24
Q

What is High risk approach ?

A

Identifying those in special need “targeted rescue operation” (Rose), then controlling exposure.

Examples?

Needle exchange programmes for injecting drug users

BCG vaccination for ‘high risk’ neonates in the UK

25
Q

What’s are the strengths of a High Risk Approach?

A

Effective (high motivation of individual and physician) Efficient (cost-effective use of limited resources) Benefit : risk ratio is favourable
Appropriate to individual
Easy to evaluate

26
Q

What are the weaknesses of High Risk Approach?

A

Palliative and temporary (misses a large amount of disease)
Risk prediction – not accurate
Difficulty and costs of screening
Hard to change individual behaviours

27
Q

What is a Population Approach?

A

Begins with recognition that the occurrence of common diseases and exposures reflects the behaviour and circumstances of society as a whole.

For example:

Mass Drug Administration (e.g. antiworming)

Aedes aegypti breeding site clearance

28
Q

What are the strengths of a Population Approach?

A

Equitable
Can be cost effective in terms of identification
Large potential for population benefit

29
Q

What are the weaknesses for Population Approach ?

A

Small perceived risk of x and small benefit to individual may result in poor motivation

Poor motivation leads to poor coverage
Benefit: Risk may be questionable

30
Q

Epidemiology is the science which informs public health, true or false?

A

True

31
Q

Public Health seeks to identify and tackle ‘upstream’ causes of poor health outcomes wherever possible.

True or False?

A

True

32
Q

Social inequality at the global and local level has no major impact on health outcomes.

True or False?

A

False

33
Q

Often tackling the wider determinants of health, such as educational status and security of housing has the greatest impact on downstream health outcomes.

True or false?

A

True

34
Q

epidemiology does not help to identify population level health and inform interventions

True or false ?

A

False, it does

Epidemiology & Population Health (12 decks)

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