Lecture 11: Health Promotion Flashcards
What is the aim of the Health protection?
measures to control infectious disease risks and environmental hazards, including public health emergencies
Wha is the aim of health improvement in Oublic health?
societal interventions (to promote health, including preventing disease) that are not primarily delivered through health services and relate to the social determinants of health
What is Health and care public health?
the organization and delivery of safe, high-quality, integrated services for prevention, treatment, and care.
What are the levels of prevention?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
What is primary prevention?
prevent the onset of specific diseases via risk reduction by altering behaviors or exposures that can lead to disease or by enhancing resistance to the effects of exposure to a disease agent.
What is secondary prevention?
detect and treat preclinical pathological changes and thereby control disease progression. E.g. screening
What is tertiary prevention?
soften the impact caused by the disease on the patient’s function, longevity, and quality-of-life
A large employer is running health promotion strategy by offering free counselling sessions to a small number of staff who report the worst mental health outcomes. What type of approach to health promotion is this? A. High risk B. Macroenvironmental C. Medical D. Population E. Social change
A. High risk. Targeting those who are the worst affected
A government brought in nutritional standards for school meals. What type of health promotion intervention is this? A. Medical B. Educational C. Behaviour Change D. Empowerment E. Social Change
E. Social change,
Top down method of working, changes at policy/environmental level to bring about change.
How many waves of public health are there in the UK?
Four/ Five waves
What was the first wave and what happened?
Nineteenth century- 1800s
Improving environmental conditions (I.e. clean drinking water, safer work conditions)
What is the Sanitation Phase in Public Health.?
A response to unsanitary conditions
When was the second wave and what happened ?
1890-1950
Preventing and treating disease using vaccines and antibiotics
‘Personal Hygiene Era’
Central council for health established
When was the third wave and what happened?
1940-1980
Identification of the 5 giants: Want Ignorance Squalor Idleness Disease
NHS established in 1948
How was health viewed in the third wave ?
Result of the condition of everyday life
When was the fourth wave and what happened?
1960s
Economic and social factors affecting people’s health
Social determinants of health were recognised
What does the fifth wave involve?
Recognise multiple and interacting influences of health, ‘system’s approach’
Rebalancing of mindset from ‘anti’ (antibiotics, war on drugs, etc) to ‘pro’ (wellbeing, balance,integration)
What is a Population risk approach ?
• Population based strategies aim to shift risk of the entire population
• This is more effective for a preventative effect for the maximum
number of people
What strategy is essential for protecting vulnerable adults?
High risk strategies
What is most effective measure?
Generally a combination of measures is considered the most effective; one set of measures targeted for high risk individuals and another preventative strategy for larger populations
What are Health Behaviours?
Health Behaviour refers to activity that a well person would engage in order to prevent illnesses
Define Illness Behaviour
Illness Behaviour concerns the behaviour someone would engage in order to find out what is wrong with him or her and to procure a remedy.
What is Sick-role Behaviour?
Sick-role Behaviour concerns the behaviour a patient engages in to overcome their illness
What is Health risk behaviour?
Behaviours with potentially negative effects of health
What are the 5 approaches to Health Promotion?
Medical Educational Behaviour change Empowerment Social change
What is medical or preventive approach ?
- This approach is aimed at reducing premature deaths (mortality) and avoidable diseases (morbidity).
- Actions are targeted at whole populations or so-called ‘high risk’ groups.
- Some argue this approach seeks to increase the use of medical interventions to promote health.
What is Educational approach?
Seeks to provide knowledge and information, and to develop the necessary skills so that people can make informed decisions about their behaviour.
Increasing knowledge may change in attitudes, that may result in changed behaviour.
What are the cons of Educational approach?
It is argued that this approach does not necessarily set out to persuade or motivate change in a specific direction!
What is Behaviour change approach ?
This approach aims to encourage individuals to adopt “healthy” behaviours that are regarded as key to improving health
Focuses on individual responsibility
What are the assumptions of Behaviour change approach?
If people don’t take responsibility for their actions they are to blame for the consequences - victim blaming approach.
People can make real improvements to their health by changing their lifestyle
What is Empowerment approach?
Aka Bottom up approach
idea is premised on helping people or communities to identify their own health concerns, gain the skills and make changes to their lives accordingly .
Professional acts as a facilitator rather than expert
Approach described as a way of working which increases people’s ability to change their social reality
What is Social change approach ?
Targets groups and populations, top down method of working.
• Sometimes known as radical health promotion and is underlined by a belief that socio-
economic circumstances determine health status.
- Its focus is at the policy or environmental level.
- Aims is to bring about physical, social, economic, legislative and environmental changes.
• Approach is based on the notion that to promote positive health it is necessary to tackle
and diminish social and health inequalities.
• “Make the healthy choice the easier choice”.
What are the cons of social change approach?
Healthy choices may be available, but this may require major structural changes
What is Salutogenisis?
A sixth complementary approach for health promotion (Whiting and Miller, 2009) that gives prominence to people’s health needs based on a salutogenic approach
What is a Salutogenic approach?
How to foster good health and protective mechanism
What is a pathogenic focus or approach?
What is wrong and needs fixing
Population based approaches aim to reduce risk and improve health of whole populations
True or false?
True
REMEMBER TO WATCH. UDGE THEORY VIDEO ON BLACKBOARD
Interview with professor Mike Kelly
What type of intervention is the nudge approach? A. Medical B. Educational C. Behaviour Change D. Empowerment E. Social Change
C. Behavioural change
E.g. Aims to encourage individuals to adopt “healthy” behaviours that are regarded as key to improving health. Nudge can include e.g. enticing people to take up activities or using subliminal marketing.
The NHS Long Term plan states that ‘By 2021, where appropriate every person diagnosed with cancer will have access to personalised care, including needs assessment, a care plan and health and wellbeing information and support.’ What type of health promotion approach is this most closely aligned with? A. Behaviour Change B. Educational C. Empowerment D. Medical E. Social Change
C Empowerment: ‘bottom up approach - idea is premised on helping people or communities to identify their own health concerns, gain the skills and make changes to their lives accordingly.’
At which Level of Prevention does the Medical Approach work? (select all that apply)
A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary
All of them
Medical approach aims to reduce premature deaths (mortality) and avoidable diseases (morbidity). Actions are targeted at whole populations or so-called ‘high risk’ groups
