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MSK Test 1 > Lecture 2: Back Osteology > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Back Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

Long bones

A

Humerus/femur

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2
Q

Short Bones

A

Tarsals/ carpals, cuboidal in shape

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3
Q

Flat bones

A

Squamous skull, designed to protect the brain

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4
Q

Irregular bones

A

Facial bones, not long short or flat

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5
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Patella, embedded in tendon

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6
Q

Sutural/ Workman bones

A

Amid skull sutures in neurocranium

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7
Q

Epiphysis

A

Portion of a bone furthest from the center

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8
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Cartilaginous region between epiphysis and metaphysics, Secondary ossification center

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9
Q

Metaphysis

A

Flared region between diaphysis and epiphyseal plate

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10
Q

Diaphysis

A

Central portion of bone, primary ossification center

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11
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Region between metaphysis and epiphysis after cessation of ossification

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12
Q

Compact bone

A

Outmost solid layer

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13
Q

Cancellous/ spongy bone

A

Innermost sinusoidal layer

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14
Q

Medullary/marrow cavity

A

Replaces some of cancellous bone layer in adults

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15
Q

Mastoid foramen

A

Transmits mastoid emissary vein and meningeal branch of occipital artery

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16
Q

Styloid process

A

Origin of styloid muscles and ligament

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17
Q

Mandibular fossa

A

Articulates with the condylar process of the mandible at the temporomandiublar joint

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18
Q

Pharyngeal tubercle

A

Central, anterior to foramen magnum, protrudes inferiorly

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19
Q

What is insertion point for superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

A

Pharyngeal tubercle

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20
Q

What articulates with superior articulating process of atlas

A

Occipital condyle

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21
Q

Tubercle of transverse ligament

A

Origin and contralateral insertion of transverse band of cruciform Ligament

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22
Q

What transmits vertebral artery

A

Transverse foramen

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23
Q

Jefferson or burst fracture

A

Blow to the top of the head fracturing both arches of atlas

  • Fracture alone will not typically injure spinal cord
  • if transverse L is ruptured odontoid process may injure spinal cord
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24
Q

Hangman’s fracture

A
  • occurs usually as a result of hyperextension of head on the neck
  • occurs in axis (odontoid process and vertebral arch)
  • fracture of odontoid process may occur after horizontal blow to head
  • if odontoid breaks at base usually not heal (transverse L holds away from blood supply)
  • odontoid process break at inferior base= more like to heal
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25
Q

What is treatment for hangman’s fracture

A

Cervical traction to improve the displacement and immobilization in halo vest

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26
Q

What transmits spinal cord

A

Vertebral foramen

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27
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Developmental abnormality in which vertebral lamina fail to fuse ad close off the vertebral canal
-often tuft of hair exists over defect

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28
Q

Where does Spina bifida occulta occur

A

At L5 and S1

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29
Q

Spina bifida cystica

A

Incorporates neural tissue and meninges

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30
Q

Transverse foramen of what transmits the vertebral A

A

C1-C6

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31
Q

What is anterior tubercle attachment point for? (C3-6)

A
  • levator scapulae muscles

- scalene muscles

32
Q

What is anterior tubercle on C6 called

A

Carotid tubercle

33
Q

Costotransverse bar (cervical vertebrae 3-6)

A

Lateral boundary of the transverse foramen
Links costal and transverse elements of the transverse process
Possesses a depressed area that accommodates the anterior rami of spinal nerves

34
Q

Superior articulating process (cervical vertebrae (3-6))

A

Articulates with inferior articulating process of the vertebral segment above

35
Q

Inferior articulating process (c3-c6)

A

Articulates with superior articulating process of vertebral segment below

36
Q

What is the vertebra prominens

A

C7- long and well pronounced spinous process

37
Q

Why does it require more force to dislocate cervical vertebrae?

A

Because articulating facets are more horizontal than other vertebrae
-due to large vertebral foramen does not usually result in injury to spinal cord

38
Q

Superior costal facet

A

Meets with costal head of the same numeric segment

39
Q

Inferior costal facet

A

Meets with costal head one numeric segment up

40
Q

Transverse costal facet

A

Meets with costal tubercle of the same numeric segment

41
Q

Superior articular process

A

Articulates with inferior articular process of vertebral segment above

42
Q

Inferior articular process (thoracic vertebrae)

A

Articulates with superior articular process of vertebral segment below

43
Q

Head of rib

A

Articulates with thoracic vertebrae

44
Q

Superior articular facet of rib

A

Articulates with superior costal demifacet on thoracic vertebral body of the same numeric segment

45
Q

Crest of head

A

Separates two articular facets

46
Q

What is an attachment point for the lateral costotransverse L

A

Tubercle of rib

47
Q

Articular facet (rib)

A

Articulates with transverse costal facets on thoracic vertebrae

48
Q

Costal groove

A

houses intercostal nerve and vessels

49
Q

Costal angle

A

Anterolateral turning point of rib

50
Q

Spondylosis

A

Degenerative joint disease which involves calcification of edges of vertebral body
-can cause localized pain and stiffness

51
Q

Spondylolysis

A

Separation of vertebra arch from vertebral body

52
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Anterior displacement of vertebral body on inferior vertebral segment
-can occur secondary to spondylolysis

53
Q

Vertebral foramen (lumbar)

A

Transmits spinal cord, conus medullaris and cauda equina

-large and triangular

54
Q

Vertebral body (lumbar)

A

Very large and kidney shaped

55
Q

Spinous process (lumbar)

A

Short, sturdy, hatchet shaped

56
Q

Accessory process (lumbar)

A

Attachment for intertransversarii muscles

57
Q

What is unique to lumbar vertebrae

A

Mammillary process

58
Q

Mammillary process attachments (lumbar)

A

Multifidi muscles and intertransversarii muscles

59
Q

Lumbar spinal stenosis

A

Narrowing of lumbar vertebral foramen
-may cause compression of one or more spinal nerve roots

-+ intervertebral disc bulging= arthritic proliferation and ligamentous degradation of vertebral canal is more compromised

60
Q

where is needle inserted in lumbar puncture?

A

between L3/L4 and L4/L5** at level of iliac crest

  • chosen to avoid needle injuring spinal cord
  • ligamentum flavum “pops” and passes into lumbar cistern deep to the spinal dura and arachnoid mater.
  • CSF can then be drawn
61
Q

sacrilization of the L5 Vertebra (hemisacrilization)

A

is the partial or complete incorporation of L5 vertebral segment into the sacrum

62
Q

lumbarization of S1 vertebra

A

seperation of S1 vertebra from sacrum

63
Q

median sacral crest is fuse____

A

spinous processes

64
Q

medial (intermediate) sacral crest is fused___

A

articulating processes

65
Q

lateral sacral crest is fused_____

A

transverse processes

66
Q

what do posterior (dorsal) sacral foramina transmit

A

posterior ramus of sacral spinal nerves

67
Q

what is the sacral hiatus

A

gap left by absence of lamina and spinous process of S5

68
Q

what do anterior (ventral/pelvic) sacral foramina transmit

A

anterior ramus of sacral spinal nerves

69
Q

what does sacral canal transmit?

A

cauda equina

70
Q

what does coccygeal cornua articulate with

A

sacral cornua/horn

71
Q

what can cause bruising dislocation or fracture of coccyx?

A

abrupt falls on lower back, difficult child birth

-coccygodynia can follow coccygeal trauma, and is painful and difficult to treat

72
Q

what are primary curvatures of spinal column?

A

thoracic and sacral kyphoses

73
Q

what are secondary curvatures of spinal column?

A

cervical and lumbar lordosis

74
Q

kyphosis

A

exaggerated curving of thoracic vertebral column “humpback”

75
Q

lordosis

A

exaggerated curving of lumbar vertebral column “sway back”

MSK Test 1 (10 decks)

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