Lecture 2: Back Osteology Flashcards
Long bones
Humerus/femur
Short Bones
Tarsals/ carpals, cuboidal in shape
Flat bones
Squamous skull, designed to protect the brain
Irregular bones
Facial bones, not long short or flat
Sesamoid bones
Patella, embedded in tendon
Sutural/ Workman bones
Amid skull sutures in neurocranium
Epiphysis
Portion of a bone furthest from the center
Epiphyseal plate
Cartilaginous region between epiphysis and metaphysics, Secondary ossification center
Metaphysis
Flared region between diaphysis and epiphyseal plate
Diaphysis
Central portion of bone, primary ossification center
Epiphyseal line
Region between metaphysis and epiphysis after cessation of ossification
Compact bone
Outmost solid layer
Cancellous/ spongy bone
Innermost sinusoidal layer
Medullary/marrow cavity
Replaces some of cancellous bone layer in adults
Mastoid foramen
Transmits mastoid emissary vein and meningeal branch of occipital artery
Styloid process
Origin of styloid muscles and ligament
Mandibular fossa
Articulates with the condylar process of the mandible at the temporomandiublar joint
Pharyngeal tubercle
Central, anterior to foramen magnum, protrudes inferiorly
What is insertion point for superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Pharyngeal tubercle
What articulates with superior articulating process of atlas
Occipital condyle
Tubercle of transverse ligament
Origin and contralateral insertion of transverse band of cruciform Ligament
What transmits vertebral artery
Transverse foramen
Jefferson or burst fracture
Blow to the top of the head fracturing both arches of atlas
- Fracture alone will not typically injure spinal cord
- if transverse L is ruptured odontoid process may injure spinal cord
Hangman’s fracture
- occurs usually as a result of hyperextension of head on the neck
- occurs in axis (odontoid process and vertebral arch)
- fracture of odontoid process may occur after horizontal blow to head
- if odontoid breaks at base usually not heal (transverse L holds away from blood supply)
- odontoid process break at inferior base= more like to heal
What is treatment for hangman’s fracture
Cervical traction to improve the displacement and immobilization in halo vest
What transmits spinal cord
Vertebral foramen
Spina bifida occulta
Developmental abnormality in which vertebral lamina fail to fuse ad close off the vertebral canal
-often tuft of hair exists over defect
Where does Spina bifida occulta occur
At L5 and S1
Spina bifida cystica
Incorporates neural tissue and meninges
Transverse foramen of what transmits the vertebral A
C1-C6
What is anterior tubercle attachment point for? (C3-6)
- levator scapulae muscles
- scalene muscles
What is anterior tubercle on C6 called
Carotid tubercle
Costotransverse bar (cervical vertebrae 3-6)
Lateral boundary of the transverse foramen
Links costal and transverse elements of the transverse process
Possesses a depressed area that accommodates the anterior rami of spinal nerves
Superior articulating process (cervical vertebrae (3-6))
Articulates with inferior articulating process of the vertebral segment above
Inferior articulating process (c3-c6)
Articulates with superior articulating process of vertebral segment below
What is the vertebra prominens
C7- long and well pronounced spinous process
Why does it require more force to dislocate cervical vertebrae?
Because articulating facets are more horizontal than other vertebrae
-due to large vertebral foramen does not usually result in injury to spinal cord
Superior costal facet
Meets with costal head of the same numeric segment
Inferior costal facet
Meets with costal head one numeric segment up
Transverse costal facet
Meets with costal tubercle of the same numeric segment
Superior articular process
Articulates with inferior articular process of vertebral segment above
Inferior articular process (thoracic vertebrae)
Articulates with superior articular process of vertebral segment below
Head of rib
Articulates with thoracic vertebrae
Superior articular facet of rib
Articulates with superior costal demifacet on thoracic vertebral body of the same numeric segment
Crest of head
Separates two articular facets
What is an attachment point for the lateral costotransverse L
Tubercle of rib
Articular facet (rib)
Articulates with transverse costal facets on thoracic vertebrae
Costal groove
houses intercostal nerve and vessels
Costal angle
Anterolateral turning point of rib
Spondylosis
Degenerative joint disease which involves calcification of edges of vertebral body
-can cause localized pain and stiffness
Spondylolysis
Separation of vertebra arch from vertebral body
Spondylolisthesis
Anterior displacement of vertebral body on inferior vertebral segment
-can occur secondary to spondylolysis
Vertebral foramen (lumbar)
Transmits spinal cord, conus medullaris and cauda equina
-large and triangular
Vertebral body (lumbar)
Very large and kidney shaped
Spinous process (lumbar)
Short, sturdy, hatchet shaped
Accessory process (lumbar)
Attachment for intertransversarii muscles
What is unique to lumbar vertebrae
Mammillary process
Mammillary process attachments (lumbar)
Multifidi muscles and intertransversarii muscles
Lumbar spinal stenosis
Narrowing of lumbar vertebral foramen
-may cause compression of one or more spinal nerve roots
-+ intervertebral disc bulging= arthritic proliferation and ligamentous degradation of vertebral canal is more compromised
where is needle inserted in lumbar puncture?
between L3/L4 and L4/L5** at level of iliac crest
- chosen to avoid needle injuring spinal cord
- ligamentum flavum “pops” and passes into lumbar cistern deep to the spinal dura and arachnoid mater.
- CSF can then be drawn
sacrilization of the L5 Vertebra (hemisacrilization)
is the partial or complete incorporation of L5 vertebral segment into the sacrum
lumbarization of S1 vertebra
seperation of S1 vertebra from sacrum
median sacral crest is fuse____
spinous processes
medial (intermediate) sacral crest is fused___
articulating processes
lateral sacral crest is fused_____
transverse processes
what do posterior (dorsal) sacral foramina transmit
posterior ramus of sacral spinal nerves
what is the sacral hiatus
gap left by absence of lamina and spinous process of S5
what do anterior (ventral/pelvic) sacral foramina transmit
anterior ramus of sacral spinal nerves
what does sacral canal transmit?
cauda equina
what does coccygeal cornua articulate with
sacral cornua/horn
what can cause bruising dislocation or fracture of coccyx?
abrupt falls on lower back, difficult child birth
-coccygodynia can follow coccygeal trauma, and is painful and difficult to treat
what are primary curvatures of spinal column?
thoracic and sacral kyphoses
what are secondary curvatures of spinal column?
cervical and lumbar lordosis
kyphosis
exaggerated curving of thoracic vertebral column “humpback”
lordosis
exaggerated curving of lumbar vertebral column “sway back”
