development of the muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

Ventromedial part of paraxial mesoderm

A

sclerotome

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2
Q

Dorsolateral part of paraxial mesoderm

A

» Dermatome

» Myotome

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3
Q

Mesenchyme

A

embryonic connective tissue

-from Sclerotome

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4
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchyme → bone

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5
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Mesenchyme → cartilage

→bone

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6
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Chondrification centers →
prechondrocytes → chondroblasts →
chondrocytes

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7
Q

process of forming vertebral column

A

Caudal 1⁄2 of sclerotome “A”
fuses with the cephalic 1⁄2 of
sclerotome “B”

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8
Q

what are the vertebra components?

A

– Caudal dense part

– Cephalic loose part

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9
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

– Notochord expands to form the
nucleus pulposus
– Mucoid substance

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10
Q

Annulus fibrosus

A

– Fibrous tissue from sclerotome

– Fibrocartilage

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11
Q

ribs

A
– Sclerotome cells that
grow out from costal
processes of thoracic
vertebrae
• Costal cartilage also
from sclerotome
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12
Q

sternum

A

– Develops in the somatic

lateral plate mesoderm

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13
Q

thoracic outlet syndrome

A

presence of a cervical rib

-brachial plexus can be compressed and subclavian artery can compress blood flow

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14
Q

pectus carinatum

A
  • sternum protrusion

- “pigeon chest”

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15
Q

pectus excavatum

“funnel chest”

A

sternum depression

  • can compress and shift heart
  • have exercise intolerance
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16
Q

hox genes

A

• Group of related
genes that control
the body plan along a cranio-
caudal axis

17
Q

hox genes- gain of function

A

– Caudalization

-vertebrae more similar to those beneath it

18
Q

hox genes loss of function

A
  • Cranialization

- vertebrae look more similar to those above it

19
Q

epimere

A

-myotome
-• Epaxial muscles
• Innervated by
dorsal rami
true muscles of back

20
Q

hypomere

A
-mytome
• Hypaxial
muscles
• Innervated by
ventral rami
all other muscles with exception of eye
21
Q

epaxial divisions

A

– Form extensor muscles of neck and vertebral column

22
Q

hypaxial divisions

A

– Cervical myotomes: form scalene, prevertebral, geniohyoid, and
infrahyoid muscles – Thoracic myotome: form the lateral and ventral flexor muscles of the
vertebral column – Lumbar myotome: form quadratus lumborum – Sacrococcygeal myotome: form muscles of pelvic diaphragm

23
Q

poland syndrome

A
– Associated with syndactyly
– Absence of pectoralis major and minor
– Ipsilateral breast hypoplasia
– Absence of 2 to 4 ribs
-absence of migration of cells of hypomere
24
Q

prune-belly syndrome

A
• Partial or complete
absence of abdominal
musculature
• Primarily affects males
• Associated with:
– Cryptorchidism (failure
of one or both testes to
descend)
– Malformation of
urinary tract and
bladder
• Urethral obstruction
-abnormal migration of cells of hypomere into abdominal wall