lecture 2 Flashcards
anterior
posterior
A = nose P = back of brain
sagittal
coronal
horizontal
S = vertical thperpendicular to corpus callosum C= perpendicular to corpus callosum hoizontal = perpendicular to brain stem.
neurological convention of brain imaging
- view parts as same as own head. left on pic = left on you
medial
lateral
M= inside L= outside
dorsal
ventral
D=back (top of head)
V= front (chin)
* goes w quadrapeds*
ipsilateral
contralateral
I = same side C= opposite side
structures that lie in both hemispheres =?
bilateral
close together =?
far apart =?
proximal
distal
efferent
away from brain (motor)
afferent
toward the brain (sensory)
how many carotid and vertebral arteries supply blood to brain.
2 of each
Irrigates medial and dorsal parts of cortex =?
anterior cerebral artery
(irrigates longitudinal fissure
irrigates lateral surface of cortex
middle cerebral artery
irrigates ventral and posterior surfaces of cortex =?
posterior cerebral artery
dorsal spinal cord
receives sensory input
ventral spinal cord
projects motor commands and integrates from other areas.
damage to spinal cord affects?
areas below the point of energy
medulla
- location
- function?
- inferior part of brainstem
- motor fibers cross - important for corpus callosum damage
- reticular activating system (RAS)- arousal
pons
- location
function
- superior to medulla in brainstem. in brain stem
- connects cerebellum to higher brain
- contains superior olive (auditory). receives input from both ears, allows one to judge where sound is in space, timing, sound, pitch
midbrain
- location
- function
superior to pons
- colliculi responsible for early-orienting response of eye muscles, head and neck muscles
inferior = auditory info
superior = visual info
early-orienting response
turn head in response to visual or auditory stimulus.
- cant inhibit unless you know it’s coming
thalamus
- diencephalin, not brain stem structure
- relay centre - critical for many sensory connections to pass thru.
- attention.
forebrain has 3 main structures
basal ganglia
limbic system
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia - made up of 3 nuclei
- inputs and outputs?
function?
disease/disorder?
- putamen
- globus pallidus
- caudate nucleus
input from all areas, projects to frontal/motor regions via thalamus
function - sequencing movement
- controlling movement.
limbic system
4 parts
amygdala = emotion and species-typical behaviours
hippocampus: memory and spatial navigation
septum = emotion and species typical behaviour. interface btw higher and lower level behaviour
cingulate cortex = emotion, cognition, executive function, motor control = always active..
neocortex
- proportion of human brain?
- layers?
hemispheres? lobes?
80% of human brain
6 layers
2 hemi, 4 lobes
fissure
sulci
gyri
F = cleft in cortex, deep enough to indent ventricles S = shallow cleft G = ridge in cortex
comparative neuroanatomy - sulcal pattern?
more sulcal pattern = more complex interaction = infer more evolutionarily advanced
4 lobes and their primary areas
frontal = motor parietal = body senses (somatosensation) temporal = auditory occipital = visual
secondary areas - define.
adjacent to primary areas
receive input from primary areas,
interpreting sensory input or organizing movements
tertiary areas/ association cortex. - where? fxn?
located btw secondary areas, multiple regions in cortex. mediate complex activities
4 types of axon projections in neocortex
- lobe - lobe
- within lobe
- interhemispheric
- connections through thalamus
homotopic points - define
contralateral/bilateral points that are found in each hemisphere and correspond to one another.
can be functionally, or anatomically homotopic, or both!
interhemispheric fissure
deep
divides brain into 2 hemispheres
sylvian fissure
deep. mostly horizontal.
separates temporal lobe.
sometimes more vertical on right side
insula (cortical structures) buried within it
collateral sulcus
- divide lingual and parahippocampal gyri from fusiform gyrus
- underside of temporal lobe
cingulate sulcus
divides cingulate gyrus from paracentral lobule and extended visual area (PCL)
central sulcus
precentral sulcus
postcentral sulcus
- C = btw frontal and parietal
Pre = in frontal, btw rest of frontal, and motor homunculus. . intersects with superor frontal sulcus
post = btw parietal and sensory homunculus. = often in two parts. = T-junction with intraparietal sulcus.
intraparietal sulcus
intersects with inferior postcentral sulcus.
posteriorally forms t-junction with transverse occipital sulcus
divides superior and inferior parietal lobule
superior & inferior temporal sulci
S = divides superior and middle temporal gyrus I = divides middle from inferior temporal gyrus. = less free-standing = various sections to it.
superior and inferior frontal sulci
S = divides superior and middle frontal gyrus I = divides middle frontal and inferior gyri.
brodmann areas
looked at brain tissue under microscope. figured out different areas of the brain by cell staining. different areas had different morphology of cells.
contralateral organization of brain
decussation - define
- sensory stimulation in brain from contralateral side of body.
- brain controls musculature of contralaterl body.
D= crossing over of fibers along the center of the NS
homunculus
- body to brain
- inverted, top of brain = bottom of body. more brain region = more muscular control/somatosensation
protection of brain
BBB, meninges, skull, CSF
