lecture 2

Question 1

anterior

posterior

Answer 1

A = nose
P = back of brain

Question 2

sagittal
coronal
horizontal

Answer 2

S = vertical thperpendicular to corpus callosum
C= perpendicular to corpus callosum
hoizontal = perpendicular to brain stem.

Question 3

neurological convention of brain imaging

Answer 3

• view parts as same as own head. left on pic = left on you

Question 4

medial

lateral

Answer 4

M= inside
L= outside

Question 5

dorsal

ventral

Answer 5

D=back (top of head)
V= front (chin)
* goes w quadrapeds*

Question 6

ipsilateral

contralateral

Answer 6

I = same side
C= opposite side

Question 7

structures that lie in both hemispheres =?

Answer 7

bilateral

Question 8

close together =?

far apart =?

Answer 8

proximal

distal

Question 9

efferent

Answer 9

away from brain (motor)

Question 10

afferent

Answer 10

toward the brain (sensory)

Question 11

how many carotid and vertebral arteries supply blood to brain.

Answer 11

2 of each

Question 12

Irrigates medial and dorsal parts of cortex =?

Answer 12

anterior cerebral artery

(irrigates longitudinal fissure

Question 13

irrigates lateral surface of cortex

Answer 13

middle cerebral artery

Question 14

irrigates ventral and posterior surfaces of cortex =?

Answer 14

posterior cerebral artery

Question 15

dorsal spinal cord

Answer 15

receives sensory input

Question 16

ventral spinal cord

Answer 16

projects motor commands and integrates from other areas.

Question 17

damage to spinal cord affects?

Answer 17

areas below the point of energy

Question 18

medulla

• location
• function?

Answer 18

• inferior part of brainstem
• motor fibers cross - important for corpus callosum damage
• reticular activating system (RAS)- arousal

Question 19

pons
- location
function

Answer 19

• superior to medulla in brainstem. in brain stem
• connects cerebellum to higher brain
• contains superior olive (auditory). receives input from both ears, allows one to judge where sound is in space, timing, sound, pitch

Question 20

midbrain

• location
• function

Answer 20

superior to pons
- colliculi responsible for early-orienting response of eye muscles, head and neck muscles
inferior = auditory info
superior = visual info

Question 21

early-orienting response

Answer 21

turn head in response to visual or auditory stimulus.

- cant inhibit unless you know it’s coming

Question 22

thalamus

Answer 22

• diencephalin, not brain stem structure
• relay centre - critical for many sensory connections to pass thru.
• attention.

Question 23

forebrain has 3 main structures

Answer 23

basal ganglia
limbic system
cerebral cortex

Question 24

basal ganglia - made up of 3 nuclei
- inputs and outputs?
function?
disease/disorder?

Answer 24

1. putamen
2. globus pallidus
3. caudate nucleus
   input from all areas, projects to frontal/motor regions via thalamus
   function - sequencing movement
   - controlling movement.

Question 25

limbic system | 4 parts

Answer 25

amygdala = emotion and species-typical behaviours hippocampus: memory and spatial navigation septum = emotion and species typical behaviour. interface btw higher and lower level behaviour cingulate cortex = emotion, cognition, executive function, motor control = always active..

Question 26

neocortex - proportion of human brain? - layers? hemispheres? lobes?

Answer 26

80% of human brain 6 layers 2 hemi, 4 lobes

Question 27

fissure sulci gyri

Answer 27

``` F = cleft in cortex, deep enough to indent ventricles S = shallow cleft G = ridge in cortex ```

Question 28

comparative neuroanatomy - sulcal pattern?

Answer 28

more sulcal pattern = more complex interaction = infer more evolutionarily advanced

Question 29

4 lobes and their primary areas

Answer 29

``` frontal = motor parietal = body senses (somatosensation) temporal = auditory occipital = visual ```

Question 30

secondary areas - define.

Answer 30

adjacent to primary areas receive input from primary areas, interpreting sensory input or organizing movements

Question 31

tertiary areas/ association cortex. - where? fxn?

Answer 31

located btw secondary areas, multiple regions in cortex. mediate complex activities

Question 32

4 types of axon projections in neocortex

Answer 32

1. lobe - lobe 2. within lobe 3. interhemispheric 4. connections through thalamus

Question 33

homotopic points - define

Answer 33

contralateral/bilateral points that are found in each hemisphere and correspond to one another. can be functionally, or anatomically homotopic, or both!

Question 34

interhemispheric fissure

Answer 34

deep | divides brain into 2 hemispheres

Question 35

sylvian fissure

Answer 35

deep. mostly horizontal. separates temporal lobe. sometimes more vertical on right side insula (cortical structures) buried within it

Question 36

collateral sulcus

Answer 36

- divide lingual and parahippocampal gyri from fusiform gyrus - underside of temporal lobe

Question 37

cingulate sulcus

Answer 37

divides cingulate gyrus from paracentral lobule and extended visual area (PCL)

Question 38

central sulcus precentral sulcus postcentral sulcus

Answer 38

- C = btw frontal and parietal Pre = in frontal, btw rest of frontal, and motor homunculus. . intersects with superor frontal sulcus post = btw parietal and sensory homunculus. = often in two parts. = T-junction with intraparietal sulcus.

Question 39

intraparietal sulcus

Answer 39

intersects with inferior postcentral sulcus. posteriorally forms t-junction with transverse occipital sulcus divides superior and inferior parietal lobule

Question 40

superior & inferior temporal sulci

Answer 40

``` S = divides superior and middle temporal gyrus I = divides middle from inferior temporal gyrus. = less free-standing = various sections to it. ```

Question 41

superior and inferior frontal sulci

Answer 41

``` S = divides superior and middle frontal gyrus I = divides middle frontal and inferior gyri. ```

Question 42

brodmann areas

Answer 42

looked at brain tissue under microscope. figured out different areas of the brain by cell staining. different areas had different morphology of cells.

Question 43

contralateral organization of brain decussation - define

Answer 43

- sensory stimulation in brain from contralateral side of body. - brain controls musculature of contralaterl body. D= crossing over of fibers along the center of the NS

Question 44

homunculus | - body to brain

Answer 44

- inverted, top of brain = bottom of body. more brain region = more muscular control/somatosensation

Question 45

protection of brain

Answer 45

BBB, meninges, skull, CSF