L13 - memory and amnesia

Question 1

capgras syndrome

Answer 1

delusion of imposter - assoc w psychoses, brain lesion
freud view: love mother, hate father, sexual desire repressed thru childhood, blow to head released = attraction to mother - so weird, must be imposter.
- familiarity & mood - resembles mother, no feeling of warmth. no galvanic skin response

Question 2

what is amnesia?

Answer 2

partial or total loss of memory.

Question 3

multiple memory systems - diff learning/mem use independent neural process

Answer 3

LTM 
- explicit: conscious 
= episodic
= semantic 
-implicit: unconsious
= skills, habits, priming, conditioning
- emotional: conscious or unconscious
= attraction, avoidance, fear

STM - sensory, motor, cognitive.

Question 4

memory classified by CONTENT

Answer 4

declarative

non-declarative

Question 5

declarative mem - where

Answer 5

explicit. facts, events

- medial temporal lobe, diencephalon.

Question 6

non-declarative - what kind? where?

Answer 6

implicit
skill/habits = striatum
priming = neocortex
classical conditioning
- emotion : amygdala
- skeletal musculature : cerebellum
nonassociative = reflex pathway

Question 7

memory classified by PROCESS

Answer 7

encoding = process of memory storage
retrieval = process of remembering
free recall: retrieval without aid of cues
cued recall: retrieval with cues
recognition: stimulus triggers remembering

Question 8

memory classified by TIME

Answer 8

Sensory mem - iconic < 1 sec; echoic < 2 sec
STM = <15 sec, hold 7+/- units - is conscious and active *chunking put a hole in this
LTM - episodic, semantic, procedural. forever (if recalled regularly)
STM and LTM refer to temporal stages of memory

Question 9

murdock’s big three - within episodic memory

Answer 9

memory for items
memory for associations
memory for order

Question 10

memory for items

Answer 10

murdock’s big three
paradigms include: recognition,, free recall,
brain areas: hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, various neocortical areas

Question 11

memory for associations

Answer 11

murdock’s big three
paradigms: classic paired associate learning (cued recall); associative recogntion
brain areas: hippocampus. (unless terms co-occur to point where theyre processes as one.

Question 12

memory for order

Answer 12

paradigms: serial recall, judgements of relative recency

brain areas: if relational, hippocampus; evidence for PFC

Question 13

memory function relies on three stages

Answer 13

1. encoding learning
2. storage, rehearsal, re-encoding
3. retrieval memory probe process, memory search

Question 14

HM - damage? symptoms?

Answer 14

bilateral trasection of temporal lobes

• global anterograde amnesia, partial retrograde amnesia.
• good spatial mem. small piece of hippocampus remained

Question 15

3 types of amnesia - 2 + 1 syndrome assoc w

Answer 15

anterograde amnesia : inability to acquire new mems.

retrograde - inability to remember old mems - easier to remember older than newer ppast mems

korsakoff: brain damage assoc w chronic alcoholism.

Question 16

varieties of amnesia

Answer 16

infantile amnesia
fugue state
transient global amnesia
electroconvulsive shock therapy
restricted brain damage = specific amnesia

Question 17

infantile amnesia

Answer 17

loss of mem for early years of life. - brain cant encode and maintain mems when young

Question 18

fugue state

Answer 18

mem loss - no knowledge of life.

Question 19

transient global amnesia

Answer 19

sudden onset, acute, short course.

• loss of old mems, inability to form new mems.
• concussion, epilepsy, migraine, hypoglycemia

Question 20

Electroconvulsice shock therapy

Answer 20

treatment for depression. can produce transient amnesia - lot of retrograde, some anterograde

Question 21

restricted brain damage = specific amnesia

Answer 21

amnesia for verb, noun, animal. rare

Question 22

ECT study

Answer 22

before = remember tv show thats closer in time

after ect = overall prformance decrease. greater deficit in early/mid-retrograde events.

Question 23

temporal gradient of amnesia = ribot’s law

Answer 23

• time gradient in retrograde amnesia, recent mem more likely lost than more remote mems.
• encoding happening thru healing process - problem accessing when healing, but they’re encoding = once healed can be accesses

Question 24

korsakoff’’s syndrome
characterization?
- cause
- damage?

Answer 24

anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia
- confabulation
meager content in convo
lack of insight
apathy
- caused by lack of vit b1
- damage to medial thalamuc, mamillary bodies of hypothelamus, & general atrophy

Question 25

recognizing famous faces over time

Answer 25

• non alcoholics - stronger recogntiion for later info. mid-point weakest, recent is present. recency & primacy effect.
• alcohol: mid-point btw nonalcoholics and korsakoff
• korsakoff - memory decreased overall, recent mem is worst. hippocampal dependent, altho hippocampus may not be damaged.

Question 26

baddeley’s model of WM

Answer 26

3 part WM model.

• central executive: supervisory system, controls flow of info.primarily controlled by DLPFC
• slave systems: phonological loop ( stores verbal content) & visuo-spatial sketchpad (visuo-spatial data)
• • two tasks at once = two separate perceptual domains - performance less efficient.
• phonological short term store: greater recall on most studied items.

Question 27

delayed response paradigm

- lesion in DLPFC

Answer 27

monkey sees wells, 1 has food. with lesion - doesnt reach for correct well.
- fixate, maintain fixation as stimulus fires on other part of screen. when cued - look to spatial location. when record at DLPFC - neuron active to maintain representation of spatial location for 10 sec or less.

Question 28

neuron specificity for direction

- specificity of d/v lobes.

Answer 28

maintain representation for readiness/awareness. need to know context.
dorsal frontal lobe = space; ventral frontal lobe = objects. fits w streams.

Question 29

spared working memory in amnesia
HM - digit span task
monkey w lesion hippocampus

Answer 29

digit span = 7 digits = normal.
extended digit - 7+n. HM couldnt rehease, would maybe know last few digits.
- MONKEY: If delay is longer than 10 sec, random chance whether theyll guess correct answer.

Question 30

spared skill learning

• mirror tracing, rotart pursuit
• practice effects? more gneral skill learning?

Answer 30

• draw in mirror, follow finger with moving object = normal presentation in amnesivs.
  practice = better with repitiion. skill learning = better with more types of problems.
  in amnesic, korsakoff & ECT - similar presentation as control

Question 31

repitition priming in amnesia: repeated exposure.

Answer 31

more exposure to object - better able to recognize at lower/ less complete form. Practice learning effect.
- shown figures after delay - prior exposure influence performance: for amnesia and normal.

Question 32

sternberg memory scanning: varied set

vs fixed set

Answer 32

5 digit shown. probed w number, ask if it was in first digits.

• more digits = longer to respond.
• search is exhaustive - probe in middle, rehearsal goes all the way to end. HM could perform. not a long delay

fixed: remember 5 digit from last task. recall from LTM. response time slower. HM couldnt remember

Question 33

word-stem completion task
condition 1: cued recall
condition 2: implicit

Answer 33

present word list

condition1: recall words that start with same letters. amnesics dont do well.
condition2: first 3 letters of one of words shown - amnesic more likely to say words presented than normal.

Question 34

eye movement - implicit task.

Answer 34

eye movement tracked. 3 objects in scene. eyes around each one.
change pic, 3 objects, one not in original spot.
normal: look at all three previous spots.
amnesics - dont look at spot where object was.
hippocampus engaged to remember where previous object was.
amnesics w hippocampal damage cant do. korsakoff patients - cant do.

Question 35

HM deficits in learning new words

Answer 35

• maxed out on trials to learn new words.
• made a ton of errors
  == no sign of learning