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Host Defense > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What do all blood cells arrise from?

A

HSCs - hematopoietic stem cells

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2
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Process by which HSCs become other types of blood cells

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3
Q

What is required for HSC self renewal?

A

HSCs must be surrounded by a niche for renewal

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4
Q

Where are HSCs found?

A

In niches of osteoblasts or senusoidal endothelial cells in the bone marrow

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5
Q

What do niches supply?

A

Supply HSCs with GF and other regulatory molecules

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6
Q

Where else can HSCs be found?

A

Ciruculating but chemical signals encourage them to home back to marrow to niches

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7
Q

How is HSC return to circulation controlled?

A

Circadian manner

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8
Q

What can push HSC to differentiate?

A

Stromal cell factors

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9
Q

What do stromal cells do?

A

Push HSCs to differntiate into peripheral celsl

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10
Q

Two paths HSC can take?

A
  1. Commy myeloid

2. Lymphoid progenitor

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11
Q

What can common myeloids become?

A
  1. RBCS
  2. Thrombocytes
  3. Any of the leukocyte cells
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12
Q

What signals lead to basophil development?

A

IL4

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13
Q

What does IL4 lead to?

A

Basophils

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14
Q

What leads to Neutrophil development?

A

G-CSF

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15
Q

What does G-CSF lead to?

A

Neutropihls

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16
Q

What leads to EOSs?

A

IL5

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17
Q

What does IL5 lead to?

A

EOSs

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18
Q

What leads to monocyets/macros?

A

GM-CSF

M-CSF

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19
Q

What does GM-CSF & M-CSF lead to?

A

Macrophages

Monocytes

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20
Q

What leads to DCs?

A

FLT3l

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21
Q

What does FLT3l lead to?

A

DCs

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22
Q

What leads to T cells?

A

IL2

IL7

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23
Q

What do IL 2 & 7 lead to?

A

T cells

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24
Q

What leads to B cells?

A

IL3 & IL7

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25
Q

What do IL3 & IL7 lead to?

A

B cells

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26
Q

What are lymphocytes responsible for?

A

Setting up specific responses to pathogens

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27
Q

Where to lymphoctyes travel?

A

Between lymphoid organs hoping to find matching antigen

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28
Q

What do lymphocytes do if find their match in lymph?

A

Become activated and go to site of infection

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29
Q

What are some lymphoid deptots?

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Mucosal lymphoid tissue, eg intestine
  3. Spleen
  4. Tonsils
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30
Q

What happens in lympoid organs?

A

Immuce cells are displaying pathogens they have found to lymphocytes hoping to find match and commence immune response and activate lymphocyte

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31
Q

Path of lymphocyte?

A
  • Lymph drainage into thoracic duct then to left subclavian vein
  • Will follow chemical signals to site of infection
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32
Q

How can neutrophils be recognized?

A
  • Multilobed nucleus

- Light pink on staining

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33
Q

Characterisitcs of neutrophils?

A
  • Granulocytic myeloid cells
34
Q

What is the most abundant WBC?

A

Neutrophil

35
Q

What is neutropenic?

A

Low in Neutrophils, will succumb easily to othewise non lethal infections without intervention

36
Q

What is the foot soldier of the immune repsonse?

A

Neutrophil

37
Q

How long to neutrophils last?

A

1 round of phagocytosis

38
Q

Where are neutrophils usually found?

A
  • Circulation

- Move to site of infection when signalled

39
Q

How do neutrophils kill?

A

Phagocytosis unless the pathogen is too large then they can engage in extracellular killing

40
Q

How doe neutrophils engage in extracellular killing?

A

Spill contents of antimicrobial granules into extracellular space

41
Q

What is bad about extracellular killing?

A

Granule content also harms tissues

42
Q

What are NETs?

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps that are full of granular enzymes and killing molecules and DNA elemments that can imobilize pathogens

43
Q

Clinical manifestation of neutrophil activiation?

A

Pus

44
Q

What is majority of pus content?

A

Neutrophils

45
Q

Do macs have granules?

A

No, are filled with lysosomes become primary process is phagocytotic

46
Q

Main processes of macs?

A
  1. Phagocytosis

2. APC to T cells

47
Q

Precursor of macs?

A

Monocytes, named so as they are mononuclear (not lobed)

48
Q

Are macs abundant?

A

Not orignally, when find pathogen then signal to Ts and nuetrophils for help and T cells which enhance their phagocytotic activity

49
Q

What other rolls do Macs play?

A

General house keeping of dead cells when no infection

50
Q

Are mac receptors specific?

A

NO

51
Q

Was is bacteremia?

A

Bacterial infection of the blood which can lead to sepsis and quick death

52
Q

Primary focus of DC?

A

Antigen presentation to adaptive immune system

53
Q

Where are DCs found?

A

In nealry all tissues sampling and searching for pathogen

54
Q

What would happen in no DCs?

A

The T cell response would probably not ever be activated

55
Q

What cell is best at antigen presentation?

A

DC

56
Q

In what ways can DCs display antigen?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Micropinocytosis
  3. Share molecules from own infection
57
Q

How are EOSs recognized?

A
  • Bright pink staining

- Bi lobed nucleus

58
Q

Main job of EOS?

A

Destroying large parasites

59
Q

What is responsible for destroying large parasites?

A

EOS

60
Q

Where are EOSs found?

A

Subepithelial connective tissue

61
Q

What do EOS enzymes do?

A

Descruct tissues and pathogens
Recruit more inflamation
Promote vascular permeatbility

62
Q

Clinical role of EOS?

A

Can augment and help to sustain allergic reaction possibly causing permanent damage to tissue

63
Q

What do mast cells contain?

A

Histamine

64
Q

What has the specialty of histamine relief?

A

Mast cells

65
Q

Main job of mast cells?

A

Open vascular doors for WBC to move to infection

66
Q

What can happen if mast cell goes awry?

A

Systemic vasodilation leading to loss of BP, airway constriction, swelling of epiglotis and death

67
Q

What is urticaria?

A

Hives caused by mast cells when absorbed/ingested allergens reach skin

68
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Participate in allergen and parasitic reaction with mast cells and EOSs

69
Q

What do NK cells like to attack?

A

Viruses and tumors

70
Q

What does invariant mean?

A

Not specific

71
Q

What type of receptors do NK cells have?

A

Invariant

72
Q

What can NK cells detect?

A

Virus in cell or its movement to becoming tumorogenic

73
Q

How do NK cells kill?

A

Release of ctyotoxic granules inducing target to apoptose

74
Q

What do activated B cells do?

A

Become plasma cells making antibody

75
Q

Describe B cell receptors?

A

Antigen specific

Are the same as antibobies but just bound to cell

76
Q

What do ciculating antibodies do?

A

Trap pathogen allowing it to be more easily eaten

77
Q

What are commanders in chief of immune system?

A

T cell

78
Q

Two types of T cells?

A

Helper & Cytotoxic

79
Q

What type of receptors do T cells have?

A

Specific

80
Q

What happens when T cells encounter antigen?

A

Proliferate and differentiate

81
Q

What do Killer T cells do?

A

Recognize and kill viral cells

82
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A

When activated produce molecules and ctyokines that direct immune response by macrophages and B cells and augment recruitment to site of infection

Host Defense (12 decks)

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