Lecture 1 Flashcards
4 major classes of pathogens?
- Parasites
- Fungi
- Bacteria
- Virus
What is the immune system intertwined with?
Nervous system
Endocrine system
What types of organisms are characteristics of innate system found in?
- Nearly all muticellular organisms
- Plant flies and humans all share aspects of it
How is the innate system coded for?
The innate system is hardwired in the germline or organisms
Function of innate system?
Sentinel or danger sensing system that can either physically obstruct pathogen entry or direct demise of invader via network of cells
Key advantage of innate system?
Instantaneous activation
Key disadvantage of innate system?
Lack of ability to precisely target pathogens and limit collateral damage
Does innate system have memory?
Not entirely but has ability to train itself for short period of time to maintain heigthened awareness and resist infection
Advantage of adaptive system?
Memory & specificity
Disadvantage of adaptive system?
Takes more than a week to become fully activated
What is the first line of innate defense?
Physical barriers such as the skin and mucosa
What are defensins?
Antimicrobial peptides found in skin to ward off infection
An example of physical barriers going awry?
Burn victims being helpless against bacterial infection
Defense strategies of mucosa?
- Mucus that can trap invaders
- Constantly beating cilia
- Low PH
- Hydrolytic enzymes in tears and saliva
- Gut flora
What is special about guy and lung?
They have developed their own regional immune system with specialized molecules
How do innate cells detect danger?
PAMPs - Damage associated molecular patters
DAMPs - Damage associated molecular patters
Receptors on innate cells?
PRRs - Patter recognition receptors
What is another name for innate receptors?
TLR
What is the on switch for the innate immune response?
Activation of TLR is gateway to immune response
Two pathways of innate system?
- Soluble proteins from liver
2. Immune effector cells
What is special about mannose?
- Found in many bacterial cell walls but rarely in human cell surfaces
- Mannose binding receptor allows for uptake of these cells via phagocytes
What is precursor to antibody system?
Mannose binding system
Two components of liver protein system?
- Mannose phosphate receptors
2. Complement system
What is group name for innate cells and where do they come from?
Leukocytes - come from pluripotents HSCs
General characteristic of leukocytes?
They are granulated in cytoplasm allowing for lethal oxidation
Are leukocytes receptors specific?
No. They have no specific memory either
Other name for neutrophils?
Granulocytes
PMNs - polymorphonuclear leukocytes
What is most commone leukocytes in peripheral blood?
Neutrophil
What is final arbitrater or most inflammatory reactions?
Neutrophils
Describe eosonophils?
- Have specialized granules allowing them to drill holes in larger parasites.
- Have devoloped into mediators of allergic reactions
- Rare in peripheral blood under normal conditions
What is a granulcyte?
Neutrophil
What is a PMN?
Neutrophil
What cell is the mediator of allergic reaction?
EOS
What cell can drill hole in pathogen?
EOS
What is least common leukocyte in peripheral blood?
Mast cells / basophils
What doe basophils and mast cells do?
- Can act as APCs
- Have granules and receptors important for parasites
Which system are Macrophages involved in?
Adaptive and innnate
What is a monocyte?
Precursor to macrophage
What is the sentinel cell of immune system?
DC
What cell is repsonsible for activating adaptive system?
DC
Characteristics of DCs
- Rich in TLRs and activated by DAMPs and PAMPs
- Present in all tissues continuously sampling for danger
Are NK cells innate or adaptive?
Innate
Are NK cells leukocytes or lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes
What are the cells of the innate system?
- Mast cells / basophils
- NK cells
- DCs
- Macrophages
- Neutrophils
- EOS
Are NK cells specific?
No. Recognize PAMPs and DAMPs
How does innate system communicate?
Cytokines
Are cytokines mandatory?
Yes, they are needed for all immune responses
Characteristics of cytokines?
- 2 chains from 2 genes
- Pleitropism
- Redundancy
- Act in []s similar to hormones
- Mediators of cellular communication
- Can dampen or inhibit responses
- Ying yang dynamics
8.
What is humoral immunity?
Antibody mediated
Another name for adaptive immunity?
Acquired immunity
What is the evolutionary refinement of PAMP concept?
Specific antigen recognition
Characteristics of adaptive response?
- High specificity
- Conolal expansion
- Memory
How does innate intertwine with adaptive?
Innate is gateway and facilitatory or adaptive and final arbitrator of defensive reaction
Mac/DC role in adaptive?
Uptake and processing of pathogen to display as redflag on surface allerting adaptive response
What is orchestrator of adaptive response?
Small lymphocyte
Two groups of adaptive lymphcytes?
- T cells
2. B cells
What do B cells become?
Plasma or memory cells
Another name for B cell response?
Humoral
What is major defense against toxins and infections that thrive in extracellular environment?
B cells
Two T cell functoins?
- Helper
2. Cytotoxic
Another name for T cell process?
Cell mediated immunity
What is T cell function most helpful with?
Pathogens that hide in host cells
What instigates B cell differentiation into plasma cells?
B cell bind of specific antigen
Which system is life not viable without?
Innate
How are lymphcytes recognized?
CDs - clusters of determination
