Lecture 2/3: Tissues Flashcards
What form can tissues be in (4)
TISSUES may be solid (bone), semi-solid (fat), soft (muscles, ligaments), or liquid (blood)
What are the 4 tissue types?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
What is the name of the embryonic connective tissue?
MESENCHYME
Name the 3 germ layers and what they are/function
Ectoderm=forms outer covering of the body and nervous tissue
Endoderm=forms lining of body and digestive tract
Mesoderm= forms everything else (bones,muscles, blood etc)
What are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?
Protection (epidermis of skin)
Filtration (of nutrients)
secretion (release of hormones enzymes etc)
excretion (waste products)
What is one defining factor about epithelium tissue?
Closely packed cells with hardly any extracellular material between the cells
What are the two types of epithelium tissue (by location)
1) SURFACE EPITHELIUM: Lining and covering
2. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM: Secretory tissue in glands
True or false: Epithelium is considered AVASCULAR?
True
What is the basement membrane?
The Basement Membrane is a non-cellular layer of materials which holds the epithelia to the underlying connective tissue (and gives strength to the epithelium)
True or False: Epithelial Cells have a LOW ability to repair and divde?
false
What are the 2 surfaces of the the epithelium and where are they located?
BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY ON A DIAGRAM
1) APICAL (free) SURFACE: faces the body cavity, lumen, duct, etc.
2) BASAL SURFACE: deepest layer (attached to the Basement Membrane
What are the 2 layers of the basement membrane>?
1) Basal Lamina
2) Reticular lamina
What is the location of the basal lamina and what does it contain>
Closer to the basal surface (closer to the actual epithelial cells), contains laminum (glue) and collagen (strenght)
What is the location of the reticular lamina and what does it contain?
Closer to the connective tissue, contains collegen produced by connective tissue (fibroblasts)
Be able to label the apical (free surface), epithelial cells), basal surface, Basement membrane and the layers (basal and reticular) and the connective tissue
See diagram in slides
What are the 4 shapes of the epithelial cells and their descriptions>
Squamous: flat and thin
Cuboidal: square
Columnal: rectangular
Transitional: squamous and cuboid (ability to change shapes)
What are the 3 arrangement of layers of epithelial cells and their description?
Simple: single row of cells
Pseudostratified: Single row of cells with different overlapping sizes but all attached to the basement membrane
stratified: 2 or more rows of cells
How do we name the shape of epithelial cells if there are more than 1 type of shape?
Name based on the shape of the Apical layer (top layer)
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium and where does it line?
function: allows for the rapid passage of substances through them
Lining: cardio and lymphatic
What are 2 examples of simple squamous epithelium
Endothelium:
Mesothelium:
What is the function of simple cuboid epithelium
Functions in secretion and absorption
what is the function of simple columnar epithelium and what are the two distinctions of them?
Functions in secretion and absorption and they can be ciliated or non-ciliated
Explain ciliated vs non ciliated
Ciliated: are hair like projections for filtration and helping move things along (seen in bronchioles etc)
Non-ciliated: do not have cilia (stomach, intestines etc.)
What is the fucntion of stratified squamous epithelium? and the two distinctions of them
protective layer, cells replace those lost due to friction (apical cells are further from blood and die)
They can either be keratinized SSE or non keratinzed SSE
Explain the difference btween keratinized vs non keratinized
Keratinized SSE (contain protein KERATIN) • Tough and water resistant (epidermis)
Non-keratinized SSE do not contain keratin
found on wet surfaces subject to wear and tear
• Lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, covers tongue
What is the appearance of stratified transitional epithial and what are the main shapes?
- Appearance is variable (transitional)
* Mostly cuboidal or columnar, with some squamous
Where do you find stratified transitional epithelial celle
Hollow organs (stomach, bladder, esophagus)
What are the two types of epithelial membranes?
MUCOUS MEMBRANES
SEROUS MEMBRANES
What is the function of a mucous membrane
Secrete mucous to keep linings moist (esophagus, stomouch, lungs)
True or False: Mucous Membranes always have access t to the exterior?
True
What is the function of a serous membrane and where do they mostly line
secrete fluid for lubrication (mostly line the body cavities in abdomen)
explain visceral and parietal layers of a serous membrane (fist in a balloon)
Visceral: Inner deepest level (closest to the fist)
Parietal: Outer level
What is the function of Glandular epithelium
SECRETION!
What are the two types of secretion in glandular epithelium?
Endocrine and Exocrine
Explain exocrine secretion
If a gland (and its duct) retain connection to the epithelium then it is considered exo. Substances are secreted onto a surface/exterior
Explain endocrine secretion
If a gland’s ducts lose contact with epithelium, they will secrete internally=ENDOCRINE GLANDS. Substances are secreted directly into the blood
What do endocrine glands always secrete?
1) Urea
2) Hormones
3) Sweat
4) Waste
2) Hormones
IS connective tissue vascular or avascular
highly vascular
Name 3 functions of connective tissue
1) Supports and strengthens our other tissues
2) protects and insulates organs
3) Blood is a transport system
What are 2 differences between connective and epithelalial tissue
1) Epithelial is avascular, connection is vascular
2) The epithelial cells are tightly packed leaving little room for extracellular material (contrast to connective tissue)
What does the extracellular matrix consist of?
Protein fibers and ground substance
Name two examples of structures of the extracellular matrix and their qualities?
Ex1) Cartilage: extracellular matrix is firm but pliable
Ex2) bone: extracellular matrix is hard and inflexible
What are the two categories of connective tissue?
Loose or dense
What forms can the ground substance be in?
fluid, semifluid,gelatinous, calcified
What are the two main types of cells associated to conenctve tissue?
Fibroblasts and macrophages
Explain fibroblasts
- Large, flat cells with branching processes
* Form the fiber for strength and structure
Explain macrophages and the two types
function: move through the matrix and engulf waste products and dead cells
can be fixed or wandering
Name the 3 types of fibers in connective tissue
1) Collagenous
2) Elastic
3) reticular
what is the fucntion of collagenous fibers?
Support
What is the function of elastic fibers and what are they made of
Made of elastin
can be stretched
function in stregnth and stability
Name some of the functions of reticular fibers?
form the basement membrane
provide support in blood vessel walls
form framework of organs/glands to which epithelial cells attach
True or false: Reticular fibers do not form the basement membrane?
False
What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?
Areolar
Adipose
reticular
What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue?
Dense regular CT
Dense Irregular CT
Elastic CT
What is the main difference between dense and loose connective tissue
Dense has MUCH MORE collagen
How can you distinguish dense regular ct
Collegen and fibroblasts arranged in regular/linear fasion
What does dense regular ct form?
tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments
What is an aponeurose and what does it link ?
Links to a muscle but does not attach to a bone (blends with fascia)
broad, flat tendon
What does a tendon link
Bone and muscle
What does a ligament link
Bone and Bone
What is the main fucntion of dense regular CT
Provides strong attachment between structures
How can you distinguish dense irregular Ct
Looks interwoved and irregularly arranged
Where is dense irregular ct lfound
Found in periosteum (bone) and perichondrium (cartilage)
True or false: Dense Irregular CT forms the fascia?
True
What is the fucntion of elastic CT
Allows stretching of various organs
Elasticity – allows tissue to stretch and recoil to its original shape after being stretched
Is cartilage Vascular or Avascular
Avascular
Where does cartilage receive its nurtients
Capilary networks from the perichondrium and synovial fluid in a joint
What are the 3 types of cartilage
1) Hyaline
2) Fibrocartilage
3) Elastic
True or false: Cartiglage (hyaline) is the precursor to bone?
True
Where can you find Hyaline Cartilage?
End of long bones, anterior ribs, nose, trachea, larynx
What is the MAIN purpose of fibrocartilage
COMPRESSION/SHOCK ABSORPTION
Where can you find fibrocartilage
IN areas that support body weight (vertabrae, menisci of knee)
Which is the only type of cartilage that lacks a perichondrum?
fibrocartilage
What is the main purpose of elastic cartialge
Allows movement
Where can you find elastic cartilage?
ear, larynx, eustachian tube
What are the 4 main classifications of bones and explain them
LONG: longer than wide (humerous, ulna, clavicle, metacarples)
• SHORT: More cubic shape (carpals)
• FLAT: scapula, sternum
• IRREGULAR: does not fall into other categories (pelvic, vertebrae)
Name some functions of the bone
Support
Protection
Acts as a lever (with muscles) for movement • Storage/Release area for minerals
Blood cell formation (RBCs)
Triglyceride storage (Yellow bone marrow)
What are the two types of ossification and explain
Endochondral: Bones forms from replacement of hyaline cartilage (long bones)
Intramembranous: forms directly in the matrix (right away)(flat bones and skull)
What is the shape of collagenous fibers, the colour, whtat is it made of and what is the function
Shape: Parallel bundles “steel cable”
Supportive function
COLLAGEN
white
What is the shape of elastic fibers and colour, what is it made of and the function
Shape: Long cylindrical ribbon structure
function: elasticity, stretch and support
Yellow
Made of elastin, strengthed by surrounding fibrilin
What is the shape, colour, function of reticular fibers
Arranged in fine bundles like cobwebs
neutral
provide support in walls of vessels, helps form the basement membrane, framework of organs and glands to which epithelial attaches to
What is cartilage made up of?
A mixture of collagenous and elestic fibers in a gel like gorund substance
What are the 3 elements that make up the skeletal system?
Bones
Cartilage
Joitns
