lecture 13: vertebrae Flashcards
What are the 3 elements of the axial skeleton
SKULL
• VERTEBRAE
• THORAX (Ribs / Sternum)
what are the 5 vertrbrae and their numbers
CERVICAL (7) THORACIC (12) LUMBAR (5) SACRAL (5) – Sacrum COCCYGEAL (4) –Coccyx
how many vertebrae do we have
33
how many vertbebral BONES do we have
26 bones
true or false: coccyx and sacral are fused together (by a joint)
true
how many vertebral disks do we have
(24
where is the first vertebral disk located ? and what are they made of
- First between C2 and C3
* Fibrocartilage
why is there no disk between C1 and c2
becuse of the added process (DENS), there is no space for disk b/w c1 and c2
where is the last vertbaral disk located?
between L5 and s1
kyphotic curves are also known as
primary curves
lordotic curves are also known as
secondary curves
be able to label the 4 curves of tge vertabra
.
what are the 5 vertebral curvatures
newborn kyphosis Head extension – Cervical Lordosis Thoracic curve remains Becoming upright – Lumbar Lordosis Sacral and Coccygeal curves – fused
when you are born, what is the vertebral curvature
kyphotic curve
what happens when a baby starts to do head extension
cervical lordosis
why does the thoracic curve remain the sasme
since its already in kyphotic position form being born
what curve does becoming upright when young cause
lumbar lordosis
what are the 3 kyphotic curves
thoracic, sacral, coccygeal
what are the 2 lordotic curves
cervical and lumbar
what are the fundemental development positions
Supine Prone Rolling •Quadruped Crawling
what are the transitional postitions in development
Sitting
• Kneeling
• Squatting
what are the functional development positions
Vertical stance
gait
waht are the 3 ATYPICAL
POSTURAL CONDITIONS
kyphosis
lordosis
scoliosis
be able to identify kyphosis, lordossis and scoliosis
kd
what is kyphosis
exageration of the kyphotic spine (mostly in thoracic spine)= really rounded
what is lordosis
can happen in cervical and lumbar
what are the 2 ways you can get scoliosis and how do they come about
functional: compensation
structural: born with bad structure
True or false:
There is more cases of functional scoliosis over structural scoliosis
true
True or false: C1 has a body
false
what is the weight bearing portion of the vertebra
body/centrum
what is the vertebral foramen
the large hole through the center
what surrounds the vertebral foramen and what is it composed of
VERTEBRAL ARCH
composed of pedicles and laminae)
What are the pedicles and what do thye connect
pedicle: anterior junctions
connects body to transverse process
what are lamina and what do they conenct
laminae posterior junctions
. links transverse to the spinous
true or false : spinour processess come out from the sides and transverse proceesses come out from the tope
false
SPINOUS IS FROM THE TOP
TRANSVERSE IS FROM THE SIDE
HOW MANY superior articular processes are there? how many infereior articular processess?
2 and 2
what does the intervertebral foramen hold
holds the spinal nerves
be able to label the characteritcs on a verterbra
l,m
what are the intervertebral disks mostly made of?
water
what happens to the intervertebral disks in weight bearing situations
gets compressed
which vertebrae’s spinous processes are usually bifid
c2-c6
true or false: transverse formamina applies to all vertebra
false, only to cervical
why do we have transverse foramina
to hold the vertebral artery
which is the most prominent cervical vertebra
c7
what is another name for c1
atlas
what does c1 have instead of a body
2 lateral masses
what motion is the c1 vertabra responsible for>
“yes motion” and side bendin
=condulloid joint
be able to indenty a cervical vertabra and label it
l
what do the 2 Superior Articular Facets on the c1 vetibra articulate with
Occipital
Condyles
true or false: there is an aticulation facet for the dens on c1
true
what is another name for c2
axis
true or false: C1 has the dens
false c2 has the dens
what is another name for the dens
odontoid process
what movement is the c2 responsible for
“no “
pivot motions
what is the ligament of c2
Transverse Atlantal Ligament
be able to identify and label a c2
.
what can whiplash cause
huge risk of transverse ligament being disuped and the dens can damage spnal cord
HAVE TO ADD LIGAMENT SLIDES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
/
True or false: the thoracic vertabrea articulate with the occiput
false, they articulate with the ribs
What do the demi-facets on the bodies of thoracic articulate with
• Articulate with ribs (head)
what do the Facets on transverse processes articulate with
• Articulate with ribs (tubercle)
what plane are the two facets of the thoracic located in
coronal
where does rotation and side bending occur at thoracic vertebra
at facet joints
be able to label a thoracic vertabea
.
look at slide for thoracic vertabra articulating with ribs
.
what plane are the facet joints in the lumbar vertrba
saggital plane
what movmeents are lumbar vertabra responsible for
flexion, extension
be able to identity and label lumbar vertebra
true or false: sacrum is 4 fused vertebrae
false, it is 5 fused
be able to label a sacrum
.
is the medical sacral crest seen posterior or anterior
posterior
what was the median sacral crest orginally
fused spinous processess
where do the sacral nerves exit?
sacral forament
what was the wings of the sacrum originally
fusion of transverse processess
where is the sacal promontory>
Ridge of the anterior body (superior)
what is the sacral canal
the continouation of the vertabral canal
where does the spinal cord end
L1/L2
where is the sacral hitatus located
S5 (end point of the canal)
where does the pelvis (illium bones) attach
the auricular (articular) surface
is the coccyx 4 or 5 bones
4
what type of joint is the sacroilliac joint
diartthrosis synovial gliding
what is the sacroilliac joint formed by
the illium and sacrum
what is the sacroilliac joint responsible for
Transfer of dynamics between the torso/pelvis and the
pelvis / lower extremity
what are the 4 ligaments associated to the sacroilliact joint
1) interosseaous sacral ligament
2) illiolumbar ligament
3) sacrotuberous
4) sacrospinous
what are the 2 subtypes of interosseaous sacroilliac ligaments
ventral interosseous ligrament
dorsal interosseous ligament
where do you find the illilumba ligament
L4 and L5
where is the sacrotuberous ligament
ishial tuberocitty
where is the sacrospinous ligament
ischial spine
be able to identiy sacroilliac ligaments
.
true or false: we have the same amount of water content in our intervertebral disks for our entire life
false
Water content is high at birth and loss of water as aging processess
our height stays constant daily?
False, it decreases
how is regular height resumed
through nightly osmosis
what is the general name for permanent thinning of the disk
spondylosis
what can disc compression cause (genral answer)
possible herniation
disk allows BLANK in the spine
MOVEMENT
what is the function of the annulus fibrosis
binds the vertebral bodies together and provides stability
what are the 2 types of fibers in the annulus fibrosis
spiral and oblique
true or false: the annulus fibrosis permits motion between the vertebral bodies
true
what structure retains the nucleus pulposus
the annulus fibrpsis
true or false: ONLY the nucleous polpusus acts as a shock absorbing mechanism?
false:
annulus fibrosis also acts as a shock absorpting
what are the 2 functions of the nucleus pulposis
equalize stress
important in exchange of fluid between the disk and the capillaires in verttebra
where does The axis of movement between two adjacent vertebrae
runs vertically through
nucleus pulposus
be able to locate the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
.
what is a herniated disk
normally, the nucleous pulposus is contained within the annulus fibbrosis but in a herniated disk it is not contains
what are the different disc problems (spondylosis)
Degenerated disk Bulging disk Herniated disk thinning disk disk degenation with ostephyte formation
what is spondylothesis
fracture of vertaabra causeing disk slipping
what are the ligaments of the verterbal column (7)
1) anterior longitudinal ligament
2) posterior longitudinal ligament
3) ligament flavum
4) supraspinous ligament
5) ligamentum nucahe
6) intertransverse ligament
where do you find the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament
foiund on either side of the body of the vertebra
where do you find the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament
foiund on either side of the body of the vertebra
where do you find the ligamemtum flavum
lamina to lamina
Where do you find the interspinous ligaments and what does it limit
inbetween spinous processess and limits flexion
where do you find the supraspinous ligament
(on top of spinous processess)
where do you find the ligamemtum nuchae
base of the occiput to c7
what fills the lordocitic curve
the ligamemtum nuchae
where is the intertransverse ligaament
in between transverse processess
what does the intertraansverse ligament limit
side bending
where is the vertebra prominens
c7
where is the superior angle of the scapula
t2
where is the medial border of the scaoular spine
t3
where is the inferior angle of the scapula
t7
where is the imaginary line across both illiac crests
L4/L5
where is the line across posterior superior illiac spine
S2
where is the triangle of auscultation
medial to the inferior angle of the scpapula
