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immunology > lecture 2 & 3- cells and tissues of the adaptive immune system& leukocyte circulation and migration into tissue > Flashcards

lecture 2 & 3- cells and tissues of the adaptive immune system& leukocyte circulation and migration into tissue Flashcards

1
Q

how long do naive lymphocytes have before they die if they do not recognize Ag

A

1-3 months

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2
Q

what cytokines play a key role in T cell development

A

IL-1, 2, 6, and 7

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3
Q

where are naive T cells maintained

A

in the periphery without proliferating

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4
Q

what cytokines play key role in B cell development

A

contact with stromal cells and IL-1, 6, and 7

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5
Q

where do lymphocytes not circulate

A

eyes, brain and testicles

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6
Q

what is a key step in the cooperation between CD4+ T heeler cells and B cells for Ab responses to PROTEIN Ags

A

B cells present Ags to T helper cells in the LNs

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7
Q

define plasma cells

A

terminally differentiated B cells which produce and secrete large amounts of Abs

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8
Q

what do Ag-activated B cells primarily produce in the spleen

A

Abs against microbial polysaccharides

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9
Q

what are some professional APCs

A

DC, tissue macrophages, B cells

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10
Q

define APCs

A

cells that capture, process and display Ags to lymphocytes and provide signals that stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of the lymphocytes

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11
Q

what type of cells can activate naive T cells in the LNs

A

dendritic cells

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12
Q

what can macrophages and B cells present Ag to

A

effector T cells but not naive T cells

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13
Q

what lineage are DCs from

A

myeloid lineage

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14
Q

how do DCs acquire Ags

A

using phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and pinocytosis

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15
Q

what type of receptors do macrophages and DCs typically express

A

Ags made by microbes and not mammalian cells

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16
Q

where do classical DCs reside

A

in skin, mucosa, and organ parenchyma

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17
Q

where do classical DCs migrate to after activation

A

LNs

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18
Q

what do plasmacytoid DCs do

A

early cellular responders to viral infection: recognize nucleic acids of intracellular viruses and produce soluble proteins (TYPE 1 interferons)

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19
Q

what do follicular dendritic cells do

A

bind and display unprocessed Ags on their surface for recognition by B CELLS ONLY

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20
Q

describe recirculation

A

ability of lymphocytes to repeatedly home to secondary lymphoid organs, reside there transiently and return to the blood

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21
Q

define leukocyte homing

A

cell migration out of the blood and into peripheral tissues or to a site of an infection or injury

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22
Q

what is inflammation triggered by

A

recognition of microbes and dead tissues in innate immune responses and is refined and prolonged during adaptive immune responses

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23
Q

what does an inflammatory response deliver

A

delivers the cells and molecules of host defense to sites where offending agents need to be combated

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24
Q

list in order the steps of leukocyte recruitment

A

tethering, rolling, adhesion and stop, transmigration in the tissue

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25
Q

describe tethering

A

occurs through transient interactions of selections and integrins with their ligands

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26
Q

describe rolling

A

allows chemokine receptors on leukocytes to bind chemokines expressed on endothelium

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27
Q

what does leukocyte/lymphocyte homing and recruitment require

A

the temporary adhesion of the leukocyte to the endothelial cells of blood vessels

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28
Q

define addressins

A

comprises a set of several adhesion molecules on the surface of endothelial cells

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29
Q

what is the distribution of P-selectin (CD62P)

A

endothelium activated by histamine or thrombin

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30
Q

what is the ligand for P-selectin

A

sialyl lewis X on PSGL-1 and other glycoproteins; neutrophils, monocytes, T cells (effector and memory)

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31
Q

what is the distribution of E-selectin

A

endothelium activated by cytokines (TNF, IL-1)

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32
Q

what is the ligand for E selectin

A

sialyl lewis on glycoproteins

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33
Q

what is the distribution of L-selectin

A

neutrophils, monocytes, T cells (naive and central memory), B cells (naive)

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34
Q

what is the ligand for L-selectin

A

Sialyl lewis X/PNAd on GlyCAM-1, CD34, MadCAM-1, others; endothelium (HEV)

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35
Q

what type of selection do endothelial cells express

A

P and E

36
Q

how quickly is E selection synthesized and expressed

A

within 1 to 2 hours in response to cytokines IL-1 and TNF

37
Q

where is L-selectin expressed

A

leukocytes and lymphocytes

38
Q

what is L-selectin important for

A

naive T and B lymphocytes for homing into LNs by interacting with HEVs

39
Q

what are the ligands expressed on HEV for L-selectin

A

PNAd

40
Q

what is the distribution of LFA-1

A

neutrophils, monocytes, T cells (naive, effector, memory), B cells (naive)

41
Q

what is the ligand for LFA-1

A

ICAM1 (CD54), ICAM2 (CD102),

42
Q

what is the distribution of Mac-1

A

neutrophils, monocytes, DCs

43
Q

what is the ligand for Mac-1

A

ICAM-1 (CD54), ICAM2 (CD102)

44
Q

what is the distribution of VLA-4

A

monocytes, T cells (naive, effector, memory)

45
Q

what is the ligand for VLA-4

A

VCAM1 (CD106)

46
Q

what is the distribution of alpha4beta7

A

monocytes, T cells (gut homing, naive, effector, memory), B cells (gut homing)

47
Q

what is the ligand for alpha4beta7

A

VCAM1 (CD106), MadCAM1

48
Q

how are integrins able to respond to intracellular signaling

A

by increasing their affinity

49
Q

what does integrin activation occur in all leukocytes in response to

A

chemokine binding to chemokine receptors

50
Q

when does integrin activation in T lymphocytes for the formation of immunological synapse occur

A

when Ag binds to TCRs

51
Q

what is integrin activation mediated by

A

chemokine-induced conformational changes in the extracellular domains of the integrins that lead to an increased affinity

52
Q

what type of affinity is the bent state of integrins

A

low affinity

53
Q

what type of affinity is the extended state of integrins

A

high affinity

54
Q

define CXC or alpha chemokines

A

residues are separated by one aa

55
Q

define CX3C chemokines

A

2 cysteine are separated by 3 amino acids

56
Q

what is the chemokine receptor and major function of CCL2

A

receptor: CCR2
function: mixed leukocyte recruitment (monocytes)

57
Q

what is the receptor and function of CCL19/21

A

receptor: CCR7
function: T cell and DC migration in parafollicular zones of lymph nodes

58
Q

what is the receptor and function of CCL1

A

receptor: CCR8
function: monocyte recruitment and endothelial migration

59
Q

what is the receptor and function of CCL3

A

receptor: CCR1, CCR5
function: mixed leukocyte recruitment

60
Q

what is the function of CCL4 and receptor

A

receptor: CCR5
function: T cell, DC, monocyte and NK recruitment; HIV coreceptor

61
Q

what is the receptor and function of CCL5

A

receptor: CCR1,3,5
function: mixed leukocyte recruitment

62
Q

what is the function and receptor of CCL11

A

receptor: CCR3
function: eosinophil, basophil and TH2 recruitment

63
Q

what is the function and receptor for CCL17

A

receptor; CCR4

function: T cell recruitment

64
Q

what is the function and receptor for CCL20

A

receptor; CCR6

function: Th17 recruitment, DC positioning in tissue

65
Q

what is the function and receptor for CCL22

A

receptor: CCR4
function: NK cell, T cell recruitment

66
Q

what it the chemokine receptor and function for CXCL 1 and 5

A

receptor: CXCR2
function: neutrophil recruitment

67
Q

what is the receptor and function of CXCL8

A

receptor: CXCR1 & 2
function: neutrophil recruitment

68
Q

what is the receptor and function of CXCL10

A

receptor: CXCR3, CXCR3B
function: effector T cell recruitment

69
Q

what is the receptor and function of CXCL12

A

receptor: CXCR4
function: homing naive B cells to LNs

70
Q

what is the receptor and function of CXCR5

A

B cell migration into follicles; T follicular helper cell migration into follicles

71
Q

what is the receptor and function of XCL1

A

receptor: XCR1
function: T cell and NK cell recruitment

72
Q

what is the receptor and function of CX3CL1

A

receptor: CX3CR1

function; T cell, NK cell and monocyte recruitment; CTL and NK cell activation

73
Q

what does the interaction between P selection and ligands on leukocytes initiate

A

rolling on endothelium

74
Q

what is rolling of leukocytes stabilized by

A

L selectin binding to ligands on endothelial cells

75
Q

what chemokine ligand do endothelial cells present that is recognized by receptors on neutrophils during transmigration of leukcotytes

A

CXC-chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8 also called IL-8)

76
Q

what does CCL2 control

A

transmigration of monocytes

77
Q

how is the mechanisms of recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes different

A

the chemokine: neutrophils use Il-8 and monocytes use MCP

78
Q

how do naive lymphocytes enter the LN

A

through the HEV

79
Q

what chemokines are displaced on the surface of HEV

A

CCL19 and 21

80
Q

chemokines binding to what T cell homing receptor activates integrins

A

CCR7

81
Q

what is LFA1 involved in

A

stable arrest on HEV in LNs

82
Q

what is CD44 important for

A

mobilization of effector T cells in sites of infection and inflammation. can mediate rolling interactions with vascular endothelial cells that express HA

83
Q

what does chemokine signaling via GPCRs result in

A

increased integrin affinity, which enhances adhesivenes

84
Q

as B cells mature further, what chemokine receptor do they expressed (in response to what chemokine) and what occurs because of this

A

receptor: CXCR5
chemokine: CXCL13
resullt: movement into white pulp

85
Q

what does the homing process of B cells require

A

chemokines CXCL12 and CCL19/21 on HEV and their chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 on naive B cells

immunology (13 decks)

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