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immunology > lecture 12-B cell activation and Ab production > Flashcards

lecture 12-B cell activation and Ab production Flashcards

1
Q

what is the activation of B cells initiated by

A

specific recognition of Ags by the surface BCRs

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2
Q

what are humoral immune responses initiated by

A

recognition of Ags by specific BCR on B lymphocytes

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3
Q

what is the primary immunoglobulin in a primary response

A

IgM

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4
Q

what type of cells are the majority of mature naive B cells

A

follicular B cells

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5
Q

what chemokine guides the movement of B cells

A

CXCL13

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6
Q

what are large antigens delivered by

A

subcapsular sinus macrophages or by DCs in the medulla

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7
Q

how are most antigens from tissue sites transported to LNs

A

afferent lymphatic vessels that drain into the sub capsular sinus of the LNs

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8
Q

what type of DCs capture blood-borne pathogens

A

plasmacytoid DCs

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9
Q

what are polysaccharide Ags captured by

A

macrophages in the marginal zone of splenic lymphoid follicles and displayed or transferred to B cells in this area

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10
Q

what type of antigens to follicular B cells response to

A

protein antigens

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11
Q

what are T-independent responses to multivalent Ags mediated mainly by

A

marginal zone B cells in the spleen and B-1 cells in mucosal sites

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12
Q

what is another name for conventional B cells

A

B-2 B cells

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13
Q

what do B-1 B cells arise from

A

fetal liver

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14
Q

what type of Ab responses do not need Ag-specific helper T cells

A

those to multivalent non-protein Ags with repeating epitopes (polysaccharides, some lipids, and nucleic acids)

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15
Q

what is the main producer of BAFF

A

myeloid cells in lymphoid follicles in the bone marrow

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16
Q

what is the initial signal for activation of follicular B cells

A

BCR signaling that initiates the process of B cell activation

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17
Q

what is the second signal for activation of follicular B cells

A

BCR internalizing the bound Ag into endosomal vesicles

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18
Q

what co receptor on B cells facilitates activation of B cells

A

CR2/CD21

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19
Q

what cell is CD40 located on

A

B cells

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20
Q

what T cell helps in the follicular/germinal center

A

Tfh cells in germinal center

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21
Q

where are short-lived plasma cells located

A

extrafolilicular

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22
Q

what transcription factor is in the extra follicular zone

A

blimp-1

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23
Q

what transcription factor is in the follicular/germinal center

A

Bcl-6

24
Q

what sequential activation does the generation of Tfh cells require

A

first by DCs and then by activated B cells.

25
Q

what interleukins do Tfh cells secrete

A

IL-21, IFN-gamma, IL-4

26
Q

what interleukins control isotope switching

A

IFN-gamma and IL-4

27
Q

what interleukin is required for GC development and generation of plasma cells

A

IL-21

28
Q

what draws Tfh cells into the lymphoid follicles

A

CXCL13

29
Q

what do TFH cels express

A

ICOS, PD_1, cytokien IL-21 and Bcl-6

30
Q

what does the dark zone contain

A

proliferating B cells, stained with an anti-Ki67 Ab, which detects cycling cells

31
Q

what does the light zone contain

A

follicular DCs stained with an anti-CD23 Ab

32
Q

what does the alternative processing of primary RNA transcript result in

A

formation of mRNA for the membrane or secreted form of the mu heavy chain

33
Q

where does isotope switching primarily occur

A

GCs and driven by Tfh cells

34
Q

what does class switching occur in response to

A

changing the constant regions of the heavy chains

35
Q

what determines Ab specificity

A

variable regions

36
Q

what is BAFF produced by and what Ig does it costimulate switching to

A

produced by DCs and macrophages and costimulates switching to IgA

37
Q

what are isotope switching and affinity maturation critical dependent on

A

AID

38
Q

where does CSR take place

A

activated B cells

39
Q

what does CSR result in

A

looped out deletion of the intervening DNA segments

40
Q

what is AID expression activated mainly by

A

CD40 signals from Tfh cells

41
Q

what is required for somatic hypermutation of IgV genes to be initiated

A

Tfh cells and CD40:CD40L interactions

42
Q

where are mutations mostly clustered

A

V regions (mostly in the Ag-binding complementarity-determining regions

43
Q

where do B cells that have undergone somatic mutation migrate to

A

migrate into FDC rich light zone of GC

44
Q

what are B cell lymphomas caused by

A

chromosomal translocation of various oncogenes into Ig gene loci

45
Q

what are plasma cells maintained by

A

BAFF

46
Q

describe most TI Ags

A

multivalent (composed of repeated identical Ag epitopes)

47
Q

what cells are particularly important for Ab responses to TI Ags

A

MA and B1 cells

48
Q

where are B1 cells mainly

A

peritoneum and mucosal sites

49
Q

where are MZ B cells and what do they primarily respond to

A

Spleen: polysaccharides

50
Q

what are the most important TI Ags

A

polysaccharides, glycolipids, nucleic acids

51
Q

what is the dominant Ab class induced by pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide

A

IgG2

52
Q

define conjugate vaccines

A

polysaccharide is covalently linked to a foreign protein to form the equivalent of a hapten-carrier conjugate

53
Q

what does the fab region include

A

entire V and C regions of the light chain

54
Q

what mechanism is most responsible for coexpression of IgM and IgD on the surface of B cell clones

A

alternative RNA splicing

55
Q

multiple myeloma is a cancer which has arisen from____

A

plasma cell

56
Q

where are CDRs found and what do they do

A

determine antibody specificity and found on both the heavy and light chains

57
Q

if you wanted to check for the presence of memory B cells from your vaccine subjects by taking some of their B cells and restimulating them in vitro with antigen, the best place to get some memory cells would be from____

A

bone marrow

immunology (13 decks)

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