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immunology > lecture 16- immunity to microbes > Flashcards

lecture 16- immunity to microbes Flashcards

1
Q

what can surface lipopolysaccharide activate

A

alternative or mannose-binding lectin pathways

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2
Q

what are the receptors that C3a and C5a located on

A

resident ast cells

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3
Q

what does mast cell degranulation enhance

A

blood flow

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4
Q

what class is early antibacterial Ab production

A

IgM

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5
Q

what are the 2 principal mechanisms that infections are caused by pathogenic extracellular bacteria

A

tissue damage is caused by inflammation at the site of infection or bacteria produce toxins which have diverse pathologic effects

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6
Q

what is endotoxin (LPS) a potent activator of

A

macrophages, DCs and endothelial cells

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7
Q

what does diphtheria toxin do

A

shuts down protein synthesis in infected cells

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8
Q

what does tetanus toxin do

A

inhibits neuromuscular transmission

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9
Q

what are some examples of bacteria that resist phagocytosis

A

pneumococcus, neisseria meningitidis

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10
Q

what is an example of a bacteria that uses scavenging of reactive oxygen species

A

catalase-positive staphylococci

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11
Q

what are the principal injurious consequences of host responses to extracellular bacteria

A

inflammation and septic shock

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12
Q

define septic shock

A

severe pathologic consequence of disseminated bacterial infection by some gram negative and gram positive bacteria

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13
Q

what is septic shock syndrome characterized by

A

circulatory collapse and disseminated intravascular coagulation

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14
Q

what is the global suppressor of macrophages function

A

IL-10

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15
Q

what super antigens are known for food poisoning

A

staphylococcal SAgs

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16
Q

what is streptococcal TSS caused by

A

S. pyogenes

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17
Q

what is toxic shock syndrome caused by

A

S. aureus

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18
Q

where are viral peptides expressed

A

in the MHC class I peptide-binding groove

19
Q

how do TH1 cells recruit and stimulate virus-specific CTLs

A

by providing IL-2 for proliferation of CD8+ T cells

20
Q

how do Th cells and CTLs leave the LN

A

via the draining lymphatics and ultimately enter the blood

21
Q

when do virus-infected cells secrete viral proteins

A

after their death

22
Q

what is the innate immune response to intracellular bacteria mediated mainly by

A

phagocytes and NK cells

23
Q

what do DCs and macrophages produce that activates NK cells

A

IL-12 and IL-15

24
Q

describe the endogenous pathway

A

proteins from intracellular pathogens are degraded by the proteasome and then resulting peptides are shuttled to the ER by TAP proteins

25
Q

describe the exogenous pathway

A

extracellular pathogens are engulfed by phagosomes

26
Q

what bacteria can inactivate the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

A

M. leprae

27
Q

what bacterias can inhibit the phagolysosome formation

A

M. tuberculosis, L. pneumophila

28
Q

what bacteria can disrupt phagosome membrane, and escape into cytoplasm

A

liseria monocytogenes

29
Q

what is listeria monocytogenes mediated by

A

hemolysin protein

30
Q

what inhibits mycobacterium leprae

A

phenolic glycolipid

31
Q

how are fungi recognized

A

by PRRs binding the PAMPs

32
Q

what are IL-12 and IL-23 together important for

A

activation of Th1 and TH17 responses

33
Q

what are Th1 responses required for the clearance of

A

fungal infection

34
Q

what is Dectin-1 a specific receptor for

A

beta-glucans expressed on macrophages

35
Q

what is the only structural component of beta-glucans

A

glucose

36
Q

what pathogens can neutralize toxins

A

clostridium tetani and staphylococcus aerus

37
Q

what specific pathogens uses extracellular killing

A

candida albicans

38
Q

what specific pathogens use macro-phage mediated intracellular killing

A

M. tuberculosis, L. monocytogenes, Candida albicans

39
Q

what specific pathogens target eosinophil-mediated cytotoxicity

A

taenia saginata

40
Q

what type of vaccine does streptococcus pneumoniae have

A

polyvalent

41
Q

what type of vaccine does Haemophilus influenza type B and streptococcus pneumonia have

A

conjugate

42
Q

what type of vaccine does Hep B have

A

recombinant subunit

43
Q

what type of vaccine does diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid have

A

subunit (only some Ags)

immunology (13 decks)

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